Integrating Social Studies Learning Models, Media, and Methods to Support 6C Skills

A Systematic Literature Review of Trends, Patterns, and Underexplored Areas

Abstract

This study examines trends, integration patterns, and underexplored areas in using social studies learning models, media, and methods to support the six 21st-century skills (6Cs): critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, character, and citizenship, in elementary education. A PRISMA 2020 systematic literature review searched Google Scholar, SINTA, Garuda, DOAJ, ERIC, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and conference proceedings (2016–2026). Fifty articles were analyzed thematically. Problem-Based Learning, Project-Based Learning, Collaborative Learning, Contextual Teaching and Learning, inquiry, discovery learning, and cooperative models were common. These were combined with interactive digital media, including Canva, Wordwall, augmented reality, PowerPoint, and Quizizz, and with methods such as group discussion, social projects, simulation, role-play, and educational games. Critical thinking and communication were most consistently emphasized, while creativity and collaboration were addressed through projects and group activities. Character and citizenship received less explicit and systematic attention. Gaps include simultaneous development of all six skills, long-term evaluation, authentic assessment, equitable access to digital infrastructure, and teachers’ digital and TPACK competencies. In conclusion, the evidence supports aligning active learning models, suitable media, and collaborative-contextual methods with clearly defined skill targets.