Optimisme Dan Kesejahteraan Subjektif Pada Pengangguran Dewasa Muda

Riki  Zalki; Amalia Juniarly

doi:10.26740/jptt.v14n1.p79-89

Authors

Riki Zalki Program Studi Psikologi, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang
Amalia Juniarly Program Studi Psikologi, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26740/jptt.v14n1.p79-89

Keywords:

Afek negatif, Afek positif, Kepuasan Hidup, Optimisme, Kesejahteraan Subjektif

Abstract

Besarnya angka pengangguran di Indonesia saat ini masih menjadi sebuah problem ketenagakerjaan yang dihadapi. Ketidak seimbangan angka angkatan kerja dan jumlah lowongan kerja juga ikut menjadi faktor masih tingginya angka pengangguran di Indonesia. Akibat dari kondisi menganggur ini juga akan berdampak buruk pada kesejahteraan subjektif yang juga berdampak pada menurunnya optimisme. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara optimisme dan kesejahteraan subjektif pada pengangguran dewasa muda. Ada 3 hipotesis dalam penelitian ini, yaitu ada hubungan antara optimisme dengan: (1) pleasant affect; (2) unpleasant affect, dan (3) life satisfaction. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 200 pengangguran dewasa muda di Indonesia. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah sampling purposive. Variabel kesejahteraan subjektif diukur dengan menggunakan skala kesejahteraan subjektif yang disusun oleh peneliti mengacu pada komponen yang dikemukakan oleh Diener, Suh, Lucas, dan Smith (1999). Untuk mengukur variabel optimisme digunakan skala optimisme yang disusun oleh peneliti mengacu pada dimensi yang dikemukakan oleh Seligman (2008). Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik korelasi pearson product moment. Hasil analisis korelasi menunjukkan bahwa optimisme dan pleasant affect dan life satisfaction menunjukkan hubungan positif yang signifikan. Sementara antara optimisme dan unpleasant affect menunjukkan hubungan negatif yang signifikan. Dengan demikian seluruh hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini dapat diterima.

References

Álvaro, J. L., Garrido, A., Pereira, C. R.,Torres, A. R., & Barros, S. C. (2019). Unemployment, self-esteem, and depression: differences between men and women. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 22, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2018.68

Amissah, C. M., & Nyarko, K. (2017). Psychological effects of youth unemployment in Ghana. Journal of Social Sciences, 13(1), 64–77. https://doi.org/10.3844/jssp.2017.64.77

BPS. (2021a). Februari 2021: tingkat pengangguran terbuka (TPT) sebesar 6,26 persen. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/05/05/1815/februari-2021--tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka--tpt--sebesar-6- 26-persen.html

BPS. (2021b). Tingkat pengangguran terbuka berdasarkan kelompok umur 2019-2021. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/6/1180/1/tingkat-pengangguran-terbuka-berdasarkan-kelompok-umur.html

Busseri, M. A., Choma, B. L., & Sadava, S.W. (2009). “As good as it gets” or “the best is yet to come”? how optimists and pessimists view their past, present, and anticipated future life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 352–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.0 02

Compton, W. C., & Hoffman, E. (2013). Positive psychology: the science of happiness and flourishing (second edition). Cengage Learning, 402.

Diener, E., & Ryan, K. (2015). Subjective well-being : a general overview. 39(4), 391–406.

Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276

Disnaker. (2019). Masalah Tenaga Kerja Dan Lapangan Kerja. Retrieved from https://disnaker.bulelengkab.go.id/artikel/masalah-tenaga-kerja-dan-lapangan- kerja-32

Dooley, D. (2003). Unemployment, underemployment, and mental health: conceptualizing employment status as a continum. American Journal of Community Psychology, 32(1–2), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025634504740

Eberl, A., Collischon, M., & Wolbring, T. (2021). Subjective well-being scarring through unemployment : new methods, new results ?. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/t57cd

Eid, M., & Larsen, R. J. (2008). The science of subjective well-being. In Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 45, Issue 10). https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-5867

Elena, M. (2020). BPS: Jumlah Lowongan Pekerjaan Turun 70 Persen Akibat Covid-19. Retrieved from https://ekonomi.bisnis.com/read/20200430/9/1234967/bps-jumlah-lowongan-pekerjaan-turun-70-persen-akibat-covid-19

Ervasti, H., & Venetoklis, T. (2010). Unemployment and subjective well-being: an empirical test of deprivation theory, incentive paradigm and financial strain approach. Acta Sociologica, 53(2), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699310365624

Esche, F. (2020). Is the problem mine, yours, or ours? the impact of unemployment on couples’ life satisfaction and specific domain satisfaction. Advances in Life Course Research, 46(January), 100354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2020.10035 4

Esteve, R., López-Martínez, A. E., Peters, M. L., Serrano-Ibáñez, E. R., Ruiz-Párraga, G. T., & Ramírez-Maestre, C. (2018). Optimism, positive and negative affect, and goal adjustment strategies: their relationship to activity patterns in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Pain Research and Management, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6291719

Genç, E., & Arslan, G. (2021). Optimism and dispositional hope to promote college students ’ subjective well-being in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. x(x), 1–10.

Goldsmith, A., & Diette, T. (2012). Exploring the link between unemployment and mental health outcomes. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/in dicator/2012/04/unemployment

Graham, C., & Soumya, C. (2012). Gender and well-being around the world. Global Economy and Development. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/08-gender-and-well-being-graham.pdf

He, F., Cao, R., Feng, Z., Guan, H., & Peng, J. (2013). The impacts of dispositional optimism and psychological resilience on the subjective well-being of burn patients: a structural equation modelling analysis. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008 2939

Hurlock, E. B. (2009). Psikologi perkembangan : suatu pendekatan sepanjang rentang kehidupan (5th ed.). Erlangga.

Ikawati. (2019). Dampak pengangguran terdidik ditinjau dari segi fisik, psikis, sosial dan solusinya. Media Informasi Penelitian Kesejahteraan Sosial, 43(1), 1–10.

Karjuniwati. (2019). Pengaruh pelatihan regulasi emosi terhadap pengurangan stres dan peningkatan optimisme pada pengangguran di Yogyakarta. Psikoislamedia Jurnal Psikologi, 4(1), 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2012.02.007

Lechner, C. M., & Leopold, T. (2015). Religious attendance buffers the impact of unemployment on life satisfaction: Longitudinal evidence from Germany. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54(1), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12171

Merino, M. D., Privado, J., & Arnaiz, R. (2018). Is there any relationship between unemployment in young graduates and psychological resources? an empirical research from the conservation of resources theory. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 35,n. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2019a1

Oriol, X., Miranda, R., Bazán, C., & Benavente, E. (2020). Distinct routes to understand the relationship between dispositional optimism and life satisfaction: self-control and grit, positive affect, gratitude, and meaning in life. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(May), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00907

Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2004). Findings on subjective well-being: applications to public policy, clinical interventions, and education. Positive Psychology in Practice, 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470939338.ch40

Quevedo, R. J. M., & Abella, M. C. (2010). El papel del optimismo y del apoyo social en el bienestar subjetivo. Salud Mental, 33(1), 39–46. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0185-33252010000100005&lng=es&nrm=iso& tlng=en%0A

Rätzel, S. (2012). Labour supply, life satisfaction, and the (dis)utility of Work. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 114(4), 1160–1181. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2012.01717.x

Rauf, T. (2021). Getting a job, again: new evidence against subjective well-being scarring. Social Forces, 100(1), 218–245. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soaa086

Richter, E. P., Brähler, E., Stöbel-Richter, Y., Zenger, M., & Berth, H. (2020). The long-lasting impact of unemployment on life satisfaction: results of a longitudinal study over 20 years in East Germany. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 18(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-020-01608-5

Rizaty, M. A. (2021). BPS : Tingkat pengangguran anak muda semakin tinggi saat pandemi. 2021. Retrieved from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublis h/2021/08/31/bps-tingkat-pengangguran- anak-muda-semakin-tinggi-saat-pandemi#

Safarina, N. A. (2016). Hubungan harga diri dan optimisme dengan kesejahteraan subjektif pada mahasiswa magister psikologi universitas medan area. Tabularasa: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Psikologi, 1(1), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.31289/tabularasa.v1i1.273

Schmitt, C. (2008). Gender-specific effects of unemployment on family formation: a cross-national perspective. German Institute for Economic Research.

Segerstrom, S. C., & Sephton, S. E. (2010). Optimistic expectancies and cell- mediated immunity: The role of positive affect. Psychological Science, 21(3), 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610362 061

Seligman, M. E. P. (2008). Menginstal optimisme (B. Yogapranata (ed.)). PT. Karya Kita.

Subroto, S. (2012). Hubungan sekolah dengan masyarakat. PT Rineka Cipta.

Sukirno, S. (2006). Makroekonomi teori pengantar. PT Raja Grafindo Persada.

Supervía, P. U., Bordás, C. S., & Lorente, V.M. (2020). Exploring the psychological effects of optimism on life satisfaction in students: The mediating role of goal orientations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217887

Vollmann, M., Renner, B., & Weber, H. (2007). Optimism and social support: the providers’ perspective. Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743976070140 9660

Xi, X., Wang, Y., & Jia, B. (2017). The effect of social support on subjective well- being:mediator roles of self-esteem and self-efficacy. 121(Ichssr), 493–505. https://doi.org/10.2991/ichssr- 17.2017.101

Yanuar. (2009). Ekonomi makro : Suatu Analisis Untuk Konteks Indonesia (1st ed.). Yayasan Mpu Ajar Artha.