When Learning Meets Support: Insights from Indonesian Undergraduate Students on the Impact of Entrepreneurship Education in Fostering Entrepreneurial Intention
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: Despite the growing emphasis on entrepreneurship education as a solution to employment challenges, its impact on entrepreneurial intention remains inconsistent, with limited attention to contextual moderators such as social support in developing economies like Indonesia. This study aims to examines the influence of Entrepreneurship Education (EE) on Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) among Indonesian undergraduate students and investigates and to investigate the moderating role of Social Support (SS). Method: The research method employs a quantitative approach using 767 undergraduate students who have completed at least one entrepreneurship-related course. Data were analyzed using PLS-SEM, independent samples t-tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests to explore differences across gender, field of study, and cohort. The key results indicate that EE has a positive and significant effect on EI. Results: However, the moderating effect of SS is significant but negative, suggesting that higher perceived social support weakens the influence of EE on EI. The key findings also reveal that male students exhibit higher EI than female students, business students score higher in both EE and EI than non-business students, and students’ perceptions evolve across academic cohorts. Novelty: The novelty of this study lies in identifying the counterintuitive moderating role of social support, which weakens rather than strengthens the EE–EI relationship. The contribution of this study enriches the entrepreneurship education literature by providing a deeper understanding of contextual and demographic factors influencing entrepreneurial intention in the Indonesian higher education context.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Adu, I. N., Boakye, K. O., Suleman, A.-R., & Bingab, B. B. B. (2020). Exploring the factors that mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students in Ghana. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 14(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-07-2019-0052
Agapito, F. de, Morais, L. P. V. X. C. de, Bem Machado, A. de, & Dandolini, G. A. (2024). Entrepreneurial Education and Experiential Learning: Expanding Horizons and Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.12712/rpca.v18i3.62648
Anggraeni, A. I. (2019). Managing Entrepreneurship: An Indonesian Context. Journal of Research in Management, 2(1), 22–26.
Anjum, T., Amoozegar, A., Farrukh, M., & Heidler, P. (2022). Entrepreneurial intentions among business students: the mediating role of attitude and the moderating role of university support. Education and Training. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2021-0020
Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2014). The Relationship between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Meta–Analytic Review. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(2), 217–254.
Belchior, R. F., & Lyons, R. (2021). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions, nascent entrepreneurial behavior and new business creation with social cognitive career theory – a 5-year longitudinal analysis. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17(4), 1945–1972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-021-00745-7
Calhoun, C. D., Stone, K. J., Cobb, A. R., Patterson, M. W., Danielson, C. K., & Bendezú, J. J. (2022). The Role of Social Support in Coping with Psychological Trauma: An Integrated Biopsychosocial Model for Posttraumatic Stress Recovery. In Psychiatric Quarterly (Vol. 93, Number 4, pp. 949–970). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-022-10003-w
Contreras-Barraza, N., Espinosa-Cristia, J. F., Salazar-Sepulveda, G., & Vega-Muñoz, A. (2021). Entrepreneurial intention: A gender study in business and economics students from Chile. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094693
Cui, J., Sun, J., & Bell, R. (2021). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial mindset of college students in China: The mediating role of inspiration and the role of educational attributes. International Journal of Management Education, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2019.04.001
Daniela, M., Harms, R., Kailer, N., & Wimmer-Wurm, B. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of students in science and engineering versus business studies university programs. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.006
Duong, C. D. (2021). Exploring the link between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: the moderating role of educational fields. Education and Training. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-05-2021-0173
Duong, C. D. (2025). Balancing social and institutional support: A cross-cultural study of social entrepreneurial intentions in Vietnam and Poland. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101789
Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/JSBM.12065
Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(9), 701–720. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090590610715022
Fazira, S. F., Shamsudin, B., Al Mamun, A., Binti, N., Nawi, C., Azwin, N., Nasir, B. M., Nazri, M., & Zakaria, B. (2017). FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG THE MALAYSIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. Source: The Journal of Developing Areas, 51(4), 423–431. https://doi.org/10.2307/26416985
Fute, A., Mushi, B. R., Kangwa, D., & Oubibi, M. (2024). Combating youth’s unemployment rate by integrating entrepreneurship in middle school education. In Discover Education (Vol. 3, Number 1). Discover. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-024-00124-8
Gagné, R. M. (1985). The Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction (fourth). Wadsworth Pub Co.
Gallegos, A., Valencia-Arias, A., Aliaga Bravo, V. D. C., Teodori de la Puente, R., Valencia, J., Uribe-Bedoya, H., Briceño Huerta, V., Vega-Mori, L., & Rodriguez-Correa, P. (2024). Factors that determine the entrepreneurial intention of university students: a gender perspective in the context of an emerging economy. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2301812
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Handayati, P., Wulandari, D., Soetjipto, B. E., Wibowo, A., & Narmaditya, B. S. (2020). Does entrepreneurship education promote vocational students’ entrepreneurial mindset? Heliyon, 6(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05426
Huang, M., Wang, J., & Su, X. (2024). The Impact of Social Support on Entrepreneurial Well-being: The Role of Entrepreneurial Passion and Entrepreneurial Efficacy. SAGE Open, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241297232
Indriyati, E. R., Christian, M., & Dewi, Y. K. (2025). Entrepreneurial Intention Determinants for Urban University Students to Create Business Start-Ups: The Impact of Entrepreneurship Education, Perceived Behavioral Control, Commitment, and Nascent Entrepreneurship Behavior. Jurnal Ekonomi Pendidikan Dan Kewirausahaan, 13(2), 2025. https://doi.org/10.26740/jepk.v13n2.p277-300
Izedonmi, P. F. (2010). The Effect Of Entrepreneurship Education On Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 10.
Jiatong, W., Murad, M., Bajun, F., Tufail, M. S., Mirza, F., & Rafiq, M. (2021). Impact of Entrepreneurial Education, Mindset, and Creativity on Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Impact of Entrepreneurial Education, Mindset, and Creativity on Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Front. Psychol, 12, 724440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724440
Joensuu-Salo, S., Viljamaa, A., & Varamaki, E. (2019). Do intentions ever die? The temporal stability of entrepreneurial intention and link to behavior. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-03-2019-0053
Köpke, U., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2025). Why more males? Differences in entrepreneurial intentions of male and female university students and graduates. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 15(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40497-025-00439-2
Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5(4), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020
Larsen, I. B., Blenker, P., & Neergaard. (2023). The entrepreneurial mindset in entrepreneurship education: what can we learn from SOR models? Education + Training, 65, 1043–1039.
Li, G., Long, Z., Jiang, Y., Huang, Y., Wang, P., & Huang, Z. (2022). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship policy and entrepreneurial competence: mediating effect of entrepreneurship competition in China. Education and Training. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2021-0218
Li, L., & Wu, D. (2019). Entrepreneurial education and students’ entrepreneurial intention: does team cooperation matter? Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0157-3
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions.
Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2011). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: A role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2), 195–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0154-z
Longva, K. K., & Foss, L. (2018). Measuring impact through experimental design in entrepreneurship education: A literature review and research agenda. Industry and Higher Education, 32(6), 358–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950422218804912
Lv, Y., Chen, Y., Sha, Y., Wang, J., An, L., Chen, T., Huang, X., Huang, Y., & Huang, L. (2021). How Entrepreneurship Education at Universities Influences Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Effect Based on Entrepreneurial Competence. Front. Psychol, 12, 655868. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655868
Mahendran, S., & Rahman, R. S. A. R. (2025). Entrepreneurial Intentions According to Gender among Public University Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v14-i1/24262
Maheshwari, G., & Kha, K. L. (2022). Investigating the relationship between educational support and entrepreneurial intention in Vietnam: The mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Management Education, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100553
Maheshwari, G., Kha, K. L., & Arokiasamy, A. R. A. (2022). Factors affecting students’ entrepreneurial intentions: a systematic review (2005–2022) for future directions in theory and practice. Management Review Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-022-00289-2
Mai, Y. (2024). A Two-stage Model for Business School Innovation and Entrepreneurship Curriculum Development: From the Cumulative Learning Perspective. The Educational Review, USA, 8(10), 1255–1259. https://doi.org/10.26855/er.2024.10.010
Muhammed, Y., Ringim, K. J., & Kura, K. M. (2021). Moderating Role of Perceived Social Support on the Relationship Between Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 8(1), 104–119. https://doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v8i1.454
Mukhtar, S., Wishnu Wardana, L., Wibowo, A., & Shandy Narmaditya, B. (2021). Does entrepreneurship education and culture promote students’ entrepreneurial intention? The mediating role of entrepreneurial mindset. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2021.1918849
Musariwa, P., & Tinonetsana, F. (2023). An Assessment of University in Entrepreneurship Training as a Means of Reducing Youth Unemployment in South Africa: A Case of Durban University of Technology. African Journal of Inter/Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.51415/ajims.v5i1.1248
Nabi, G., Walmsley, A., Liñán, F., Akhtar, I., & Neame, C. (2018). Does entrepreneurship education in the first year of higher education develop entrepreneurial intentions? The role of learning and inspiration. Studies in Higher Education, 43(3), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1177716
Neneh, B. N. (2022). Entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial intention: the role of social support and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Studies in Higher Education, 47(3), 587–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1770716
Nguyen, Q. Do, & Nguyen, H. T. (2023). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of entrepreneurial capacity. International Journal of Management Education, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100730
O’Neill, A. (2025, July 22). Youth Unemployment Rate in Indonesia from 1991-2024. Https://Www.Statista.Com/Statistics/812110/Youth-Unemployment-Rate-in-Indonesia/.
Otache, I., Edopkolor, J. E., Sani, I. A., & Umar, K. (2024). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: Do entrepreneurial self-efficacy, alertness and opportunity recognition matter? International Journal of Management Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100917
Patricia, & Silangen, C. (2016). The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intention in Indonesia. DeReMa Jurnal Manajemen, 11(1).
Pittaway, L., & Thorpe, R. (2012). A framework for entrepreneurial learning: A tribute to Jason Cope. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 24(9–10), 837–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2012.694268
Prasad, S., Dakshinamurthy, T., Dash, I., Garg, R., Thulaseedharan, A., Rajagopalan, K. K., & Goel, A. V. (2024). “Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Youth Employment: Evidence from Developing Countries.” Library Progress International|, 44(3). www.bpasjournals.com
Preedy, S., McLuskie, P., Walmsley, A., & Smith, K. (2025). Development of entrepreneurial identity and intent in the early years of higher education. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 31(9), 2271–2294. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2023-0879
Pusdatik Kemnaker. (2025, June 26). Pengangguran Terbuka di Indonesia Menurut Pendidikan dan Jenis Kelamin Tahun 2024. Https://Satudata.Kemnaker.Go.Id/Infografik/94.
Sánchez, J. C. (2013). The impact of an entrepreneurship education program on entrepreneurial competencies and intention. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 447–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12025
Setyowati, E. M., Arif, S., Andrianto, A., Wati, A. P., Murwani, F. D., & Wardana, L. W. (2025). Examining the Role of Social Environment in the Relationship between Competence and Entrepreneurial Interest of Vocational Students: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR). International Journal of Business and Quality Research, 3(2), 235–250. https://e-journal.citakonsultindo.or.id/index.php/IJBQR
Sieger, P., Raemy, L., Zellweger, T., Fueglistaller, U., & Hatak, I. (2024). Student Entrepreneurship 2023: Insights From 57 Countries 2023 GUESSS Global Report. www.guesssurvey.org.
Soomro, B. A., & Shah, N. (2022). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, need for achievement and entrepreneurial intention among commerce students in Pakistan. Education and Training, 64(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2021-0023
Sun, J., Zhang, J., & Shi, J. (2023). From entrepreneurship education to entrepreneurial intention: Mindset, motivation, and prior exposure. Frontiers in Psychology, 14.
Teixeira, A. A. C., & Forte, R. P. (2017). Prior education and entrepreneurial intentions: the differential impact of a wide range of fields of study. Review of Managerial Science, 11(2), 353–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-015-0188-2
Teoh, W. M. Y., Chong, S. C., Yuen, Y. Y., Ravichander, S., & Chong, C. W. (2024). Entrepreneurial intentions among business undergraduates: The Malaysian case. Journal of Education for Business. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2024.2424181
Tian, H., Akhtar, S., Qureshi, N. A., & Iqbal, S. (2022). Predictors of entrepreneurial intentions: The role of prior business experience, opportunity recognition, and entrepreneurial education. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.882159
Vosylis, R., Branje, S., & Raižienė, S. (2025). “How Safe is Financial Safety Net?” Level and Form of Parental Financial Support and Its Role in Need-Supportive and Need-Thwarting Parenting and Well-Being of Emerging Adults. Emerging Adulthood, 13(3), 648–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968251316608
Wang, X. H., You, X., Wang, H. P., Wang, B., Lai, W. Y., & Su, N. (2023). The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediation of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Moderating Model of Psychological Capital. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032562
Wasim, J., Youssef, M. H., Christodoulou, I., & Reinhardt, R. (2024). The Path to Entrepreneurship: The Role of Social Networks in Driving Entrepreneurial Learning and Education. Journal of Management Education, 48(3), 459–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/10525629231219235
Wei, X., Liu, X., & Sha, J. (2019). How does the entrepreneurship education influence the students’ innovation? Testing on the multiple mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(JULY). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01557
Wu, Y. C. J., & Wu, T. (2017). A decade of entrepreneurship education in the Asia Pacific for future directions in theory and practice. In Management Decision (Vol. 55, Number 7, pp. 1333–1350). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2017-0518
Xu, J., Fu, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023). Does entrepreneurship education in China develop entrepreneurial intention? the role of self-efficacy and experience. PLoS ONE, 18(7 July). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286090
Yousaf, U., Ali, S. A., Ahmed, M., Usman, B., & Sameer, I. (2020). From entrepreneurial education to entrepreneurial intention: a sequential mediation of self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude. International Journal of Innovation Science, 13(3), 364–380. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-09-2020-0133
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2