The Relationship between Handgrip Strength and Balance in the Pelangi Nusantara Elderly Women's Community
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/ijok.v6n1.p11-19Keywords:
handgrip strength; balance; time up and go; elderlyAbstract
Background: As older adults age, they experience a decrease in muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia), which increases the risk of falls and impacts morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. However, evidence on the relationship between handgrip strength and balance, as measured using the timed up and go test, in community-dwelling older adults is still limited, particularly in Indonesia. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between handgrip strength and balance in older adults.
Methods: This study used a cross-sectional study design. The sample size in this study was 35 female individuals who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The handgrip strength test used a handgrip dynamometer. Meanwhile, the balance test was measured with a time up and go test. Data normality analysis used the Shapiro Wilk test method (p-value > 0.05), and Pearson correlation to analyze the relationship between two variables (p-value < 0.05).
Results: There was a significant negative correlation between the average right HGS (16.63 kg) and TUG (p-value 0.001 and r-value -0.600) and the average left HGS (15.39 kg) and TUG (p-value 0.002 and r-value -0.513).
Conclusions: : This study shows that dominant handgrip strength in community-dwelling older women is significantly correlated with balance and mobility. These findings expand the evidence in Indonesia that dominant handgrip strength has the potential to be used as an early screening indicator for functional mobility in older adults.
References
Agtuahene, M. A., Quartey, J., & Kwakye, S. (2023). Influence of hand dominance, gender, and body mass index on hand grip strength. South African Journal of Physiotherapy, 79(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajp.v79i1.1923
Alonso, A. C., Ribeiro, S. M., Luna, N. M. S., Peterson, M. D., Bocalini, D. S., Serra, M. M., Brech, G. C., Greve, J. M. D., & Garcez-Leme, L. E. (2018). Association between handgrip strength, balance, and knee flexion/extension strength in older adults. PLOS ONE, 13(6), e0198185–e0198185. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198185
Badan Pusat Statistik Indonesia. (2024). STATISTIKA PENDUDUK LANJUT USIA 2024 (Vol. 21). https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/12/31/a00d4477490caaf0716b711d/statistik-penduduk-lanjut-usia-2024.html
Bian, A., Ma, Y., Zhou, X., Guo, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, Y., & Wang, X. (2020). Association between sarcopenia and levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 21(1), 214–214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03236-y
Bohannon, R. W. (2019). Grip Strength: An Indispensable Biomarker For Older Adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 14, 1681–1691. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S194543
Cabrolier-Molina, J., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2025). The Effects of Exercise Intervention in Older Adults With and Without Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review. Sports, 13(5), 152. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13050152
Chattalia, vida nanda, Juhanna, indira vidiari, Nugraha, made hendra satria, & Wahyuni, N. (2020). The Correlation Between Physical Activities With Handgrip Strength and Gait Speed Among Elderly At. 8(3), 205–211.
Chen, L.-K., Woo, J., Assantachai, P., Auyeung, T.-W., Chou, M.-Y., Iijima, K., Jang, H. C., Kang, L., Kim, M., Kim, S., Kojima, T., Kuzuya, M., Lee, J. S. W., Lee, S. Y., Lee, W.-J., Lee, Y., Liang, C.-K., Lim, J.-Y., Lim, W. S., … Arai, H. (2020). Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(3), 300-307.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012
Choo, P. L., Tou, N. X., Jun Pang, B. W., Lau, L. K., Jabbar, K. A., Seah, W. T., Chen, K. K., Ng, T. P., & Wee, S.-L. (2021). Timed Up and Go (TUG) Reference Values and Predictive Cutoffs for Fall Risk and Disability in Singaporean Community-Dwelling Adults: Yishun Cross-Sectional Study and Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(8), 1640–1645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2021.03.002
Choudhary, P. K., Choudhary, S., Saha, S., Katanić, B., İlbak, İ., & Tornóczky, G. J. (2025). Effectiveness of Balance- and Strength-Based Exercise Interventions for Fall Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Life, 16(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010041
Chua, K. Y., Lim, W. S., Lin, X., Yuan, J. M., & Koh, W. P. (2020). Handgrip Strength and Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) Test are Predictors of Short-Term Mortality among Elderly in a Population-Based Cohort in Singapore. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 24(4), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1337-0
Dong, X., Bi, B., Hu, Y., Wang, L., Liu, X., Li, W., Li, M., Xiang, T., Li, S., & Wu, H. (2024). Body composition characteristics and influencing factors of different parts of sarcopenia in elderly people: A community-based cross-sectional survey. Aging Medicine, 7(3), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1002/agm2.12327
Eswari, B., Balasubramanian, S., & Varadhan, S. K. M. (2025). Comparable neural and behavioural performance in dominant and non-dominant hands during grasping tasks. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99941-6
Fahrurozi, R. I. A., Mulyana, R., Martini, R. D., & Triansyah, F. (2025). Kekuatan Genggaman Tangan Sebagai Marker Klinis Keterbatasan Mobilitas. Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 10(1), 1035–1049. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i1.56211
Foley, R. C. A., Callaghan, D. H., Forman, G. N., Graham, J. D., Holmes, M. W. R., & La Delfa, N. J. (2025). A comprehensive scoping review and meta-analysis of upper limb strength asymmetry. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87413-w
Gomes, D. R. D. P., Santos, L. P., Gonzalez, M. C., Vieira, E. R., & Bielemann, R. M. (2023). Changes in Physical Performance among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Six Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(8), 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20085579
Han, B., Zeng, Z., Wen, Y., Chen, C., Cheng, D., Li, Y., Huang, N., Ruan, J., Zhao, D., & Xue, Q. (2025). Cumulative handgrip strength and longitudinal changes in cognitive function and daily functioning among people aged 50 years and older: Evidence from two longitudinal cohort studies. Archives of Public Health, 83(1), 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01624-1
Hou, Y., Xiang, J., Wang, B., Duan, S., Song, R., Zhou, W., Tan, S., & He, B. (2024). Pathogenesis and comprehensive treatment strategies of sarcopenia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 14, 1263650. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1263650
Huang, L., Liu, Y., Lin, T., Hou, L., Song, Q., Ge, N., & Yue, J. (2022). Reliability and validity of two hand dynamometers when used by community-dwelling adults aged over 50 years. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 580. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03270-6
Li, Y., Tian, X., Luo, J., Bao, T., Wang, S., & Wu, X. (2024). Molecular mechanisms of aging and anti-aging strategies. Cell Communication and Signaling, 22(1), 285. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-024-01663-1
Moncada-Jiménez, J., Dicker, E. E., Chacón-Araya, Y., Peralta-Brenes, M., Briceño-Torres, J. M., Villarreal-Ángeles, M., Salazar-Villanea, M., Vidoni, E. D., Burns, J. M., & Johnson, D. K. (2023). Exploring Handgrip Strength as a Cross-cultural Correlate of Body Composition and Upper Body Strength in Older Adults from Costa Rica and Kansas. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 38(3), 223–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-023-09481-7
Nathania, N. P. S., Satria Nugraha, M. H., Dwi Primayanti, I. D. A. I., & Saraswati, P. A. S. (2023). KEKUATAN GENGGAMAN TANGAN BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KESEIMBANGAN PADA LANSIA WANITA. Majalah Ilmiah Fisioterapi Indonesia, 11(2), 112–112. https://doi.org/10.24843/MIFI.2023.v11.i02.p01
Noorratri, E. D., Mei Leni, A. S., & Kardi, I. S. (2020). DETEKSI DINI RESIKO JATUH PADA LANSIA DI POSYANDU LANSIA KENTINGAN, KECAMATAN JEBRES, SURAKARTA. GEMASSIKA : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 4(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.30787/gemassika.v4i2.636
Nurmalasari, M., Widajanti, N., & Dharmanta, R. S. (2019). Hubungan Riwayat Jatuh dan Timed Up and Go Test pada Pasien Geriatri. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v5i4.241
Ortega-Bastidas, P., Gómez, B., Aqueveque, P., Luarte-Martínez, S., & Cano-de-la-Cuerda, R. (2023). Instrumented Timed Up and Go Test (iTUG)—More Than Assessing Time to Predict Falls: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 23(7), 3426–3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073426
Petermann‐Rocha, F., Balntzi, V., Gray, S. R., Lara, J., Ho, F. K., Pell, J. P., & Celis‐Morales, C. (2022). Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 13(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12783
Petnehazy, N., Barnes, H. N., Newman, A. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Cummings, S. R., Hepple, R. T., & Cawthon, P. M. (2024). Muscle Mass, Strength, Power and Physical Performance and Their Association with Quality of Life in Older Adults, the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA). The Journal of Frailty & Aging, 13(4), 384–390. https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2024.45
Salis, F., Buffoli, I., Belfiori, M., Bellisai, A., Gianoglio, B., Marongiu, G., Marzuolo, M., Navarra, G., Piras, V., Puxeddu, B., Sanna, L., Scudu, C., Capone, A., & Mandas, A. (2025). Handgrip strength as a predictor of one-year mortality in elderly patients with fragility hip fracture. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03019-2
Savas, S., Kilavuz, A., Kayhan Koçak, F. Ö., & Cavdar, S. (2023). Comparison of Grip Strength Measurements by Widely Used Three Dynamometers in Outpatients Aged 60 Years and Over. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(13), 4260. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134260
Scheerman, K., Meskers, C. G. M., Verlaan, S., & Maier, A. B. (2021). Sarcopenia, Low Handgrip Strength, and Low Absolute Muscle Mass Predict Long-Term Mortality in Older Hospitalized Patients: An Observational Inception Cohort Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 22(4), 816-820.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.12.016
Sharma, A., Samuel, S. E., & M, M. I. (2022). Influence of handgrip strength on dynamic balance and functional mobility in older adults. International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education, 7(1), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.22271/journalofsport.2022.v7.i1d.2462
Shen, Y., Shi, Q., Nong, K., Li, S., Yue, J., Huang, J., Dong, B., Beauchamp, M., & Hao, Q. (2023). Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 14(3), 1199–1211. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13225
Solikah, N. L., Firmansyah, A., Widodo, A., Wahyudi, H., Valentina, D. R., Putro, A. B., Prasetya, M. R. A., & Elgammal, M. (2025). The difference between male and female countermovement jump performance in junior basketball players. Scientific Technical Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity, 11(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2025.11.3.11860
Soysal, P., Hurst, C., Demurtas, J., Firth, J., Howden, R., Yang, L., Tully, M. A., Koyanagi, A., Ilie, P. C., López-Sánchez, G. F., Schwingshackl, L., Veronese, N., & Smith, L. (2021). Handgrip strength and health outcomes: Umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(3), 290–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.009
Stotz, A., Hamacher, D., & Zech, A. (2023). Relationship between Muscle Strength and Gait Parameters in Healthy Older Women and Men. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075362
Sumandar, S., Fadhli, R., & Mayasari, E. (2021). Sosio-Ekonomi, Sindrom Metabolik terhadap Kekuatan Genggaman Tangan Lansia di Komunitas. Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional, 6(1), 61–61. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.60813
Sutil, D. V., Parentoni, A. N., Da Costa Teixeira, L. A., De Souza Moreira, B., Leopoldino, A. A. O., Mendonça, V. A., Lacerda, A. C. R., Danielewicz, A. L., & De Avelar, N. C. P. (2023). Prevalence of sarcopenia in older women and level of agreement between the diagnostic instruments proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 24(1), 182. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06287-z
Svinøy, O.-E., Hilde, G., Bergland, A., & Strand, B. H. (2021). Timed Up and Go: Reference Values for Community-Dwelling Older Adults with and without Arthritis and Non-Communicable Diseases: The Tromsø Study. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 16, 335–343. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S294512
Tomkinson, G. R., Lang, J. J., Rubín, L., McGrath, R., Gower, B., Boyle, T., Klug, M. G., Mayhew, A. J., Blake, H. T., Ortega, F. B., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Magnussen, C. G., Fraser, B. J., Kidokoro, T., Liu, Y., Christensen, K., Leong, D. P., Aadahl, M., Abdin, E., … Yu, R. (2025). International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 14, 101014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014
Vaishya, R., Misra, A., Vaish, A., Ursino, N., & D’Ambrosi, R. (2024). Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: A narrative review of evidences. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 43(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00500-y
Wen, Z., Gu, J., Chen, R., Wang, Q., Ding, N., Meng, L., Wang, X., Liu, H., Sheng, Z., & Zheng, H. (2023). Handgrip Strength and Muscle Quality: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Database. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(9), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12093184
Wiedmer, P., Jung, T., Castro, J. P., Pomatto, L. C. D., Sun, P. Y., Davies, K. J. A., & Grune, T. (2021). Sarcopenia – Molecular mechanisms and open questions. Ageing Research Reviews, 65, 101200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101200
Wisyastuti, U., & Mukrim, H. (2024). Efektivitas Kombinasi Latihan Kekuatan dan Keseimbangan dalam Mengurangi Frailty pada Lansia. 2. https://journal.unm.ac.id/index.php/Semnasdies62/issue/view/209
Yeung, S. S. Y., Reijnierse, E. M., Pham, V. K., Trappenburg, M. C., Lim, W. K., Meskers, C. G. M., & Maier, A. B. (2019). Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(3), 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12411
Zhong, Y.-J., Meng, Q., & Su, C.-H. (2024). Mechanism-Driven Strategies for Reducing Fall Risk in the Elderly: A Multidisciplinary Review of Exercise Interventions. Healthcare, 12(23), 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12232394
Zhou, J., Yao, Q., Han, R., De Bock, P., Vassard-Yu, G., Hallemans, A., & Van Laer, L. (2025). Reliability and Validity of Instrumented Timed Up and Go Test in Typical Adults and Elderly: A Systematic Review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 106(7), 1092–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2025.03.001
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Kinanthropology (IJOK)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Please find rights and licenses inIndonesian Journal of Kinanthropology (IJOK). By submitting articles/ article manuscripts, the author agrees to this policy. No special documents required.
The copyright of the received article once accepted for publication shall be assigned to the journal as the publisher of the journal. The intended copyright includes the right to publish the article in various forms (including reprints). The journal maintains the publishing rights to the published articles.
Abstract views: 0
,
PDF Downloads: 0
