Microgrid Control Techniques: A Review

Authors

  • Abdulmalik Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
  • Aliyu Sabo Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), Kaduna, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2894-812X
  • Olutosin Ogunleye  Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria
  • Abdul Wahab Noor Izzri Advanced Lightning Power and Energy Research (ALPER) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-9796
  • Hossein Shahinzadeh Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Najafabad
  • Abdulmajid Muhammad Na’inna Pakistan Air Force (PAF) Air War College Institute, Karachi, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26740/vubeta.v2i2.36477

Keywords:

Microgrid, Control strategies, Frequency control, Emerging technologies, Future trends

Abstract

Microgrids (MGs) are localized energy systems that integrate distributed energy resources (DERs) such as renewable energy, energy storage systems (ESS), and conventional generation sources. A critical challenge in the operation of microgrids is maintaining frequency stability, particularly during transient disturbances or load imbalances. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of various frequency control strategies employed in microgrids to ensure stable and reliable operation. The paper categorizes existing approaches into primary, secondary, and tertiary frequency control methods, evaluating their mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. Primary control focuses on immediate frequency regulation through local droop control, while secondary control ensures the restoration of frequency to its nominal value through centralized or decentralized coordination. Tertiary control manages economic dispatch and energy optimization for long-term stability. Additionally, the review addresses the impact of DER characteristics, such as variability and intermittency, on frequency regulation, and discusses advanced techniques, including model predictive control, fuzzy logic control, and Neural network control. The paper concludes with a discussion on future trends in microgrid frequency control, emphasizing the need for robust encryption and intrusion detection systems that protect microgrid control networks from cyber threats, ensuring reliable frequency regulation even in the event of a cyber-attack.

Author Biographies

Abdulmalik, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Engr. Abdulmalik Ibrahim Dabois a second-year master’s student at the Nigerian Defense Academy Post Graduate School undergoing a research program in Power and Machine, Electrical Engineering. He received a bachelor’s degree in Electrical Engineering from Bayero University Kano. He is a certified Electrical Engineer by the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He is interested in microgrids, power systems optimization, Artificial intelligence, and Renewable Energy. He can be contacted at email: abdulmalikdaboi@gmail.com

Aliyu Sabo, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), Kaduna, Nigeria.

Engr. Dr. Sabo Aliyu (Ph.D.) MIEEE. PES. (Member, IEEE) completed his bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from the Prestigious Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria in 2011. Engr. Dr. Sabo Aliyu completed his M.Sc. and Ph.D. Degrees in Electrical Power Systems Engineering from the University of Putra Malaysia. His main research areas include the application of Neuro Fuzzy Controllers to power systems, Computational Intelligence techniques, Power System Oscillation Damping Controller Designs, Power Systems Optimizations, Power Flow and Optimal Power Flow, Power Quality, and Robust controllers with several online publications. Engr. Dr. Sabo Aliyu is currently a Senior Lecturer at the Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna State, Nigeria. He is a registered Engineer under the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He can be contacted at email: saboaliyu98@gmail.com.

Olutosin Ogunleye , Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Nigerian Defense Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria

Olutosin Ogunleye is a Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Innovation and Creativity, Nigerian Defence Academy. He obtained B.Eng in Electrical/Electronic Engineering and M.Eng Electronic/Communications Engineering from the Nigerian Defence Academy in 1998 and 2012 respectively. He also bagged a doctorate in Energy Studies from the Faculty of Multidisciplinary Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria in 2021. He has attended energy conferences within and outside Nigeria and his research interests include solar thermal systems and energy security. He is a corporate member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers, Nigeria Institute of Management and a chartered engineer of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria. He is also a fellow of the Army War College (fwc) Nigeria and fellow of the National Defence College (fdc) Nigeria

Abdul Wahab Noor Izzri, Advanced Lightning Power and Energy Research (ALPER) Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, Malaysia

Manchester Institute Of Science and Technology (UMIST), UK, in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in 1998, received his MSc in Electrical Power Engineering from the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in 2002 and his PhD in Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in 2010. He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UPM. He is a Researcher and the founding member of the Centre for Advanced Power and Energy Research (CAPER), UPM and an associate member of the Centre of Electromagnetic and Lightning Protection Research (CELP), UPM. He is a registered Chartered Engineer under the Engineering Council UK and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) UK, a professional engineer (Ir.) awarded by the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM), a member of The Institution of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), an IEEE senior member, a member of the IEEE Power and Energy Society (IEEE-PES), a member of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (IEEE-CIS), a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) UK, a member of the International Rough Set Society (IRSS). His areas of interest include power system stability studies (Dynamic and Control), application of artificial intelligence in power systems and power system quality.

Hossein Shahinzadeh , Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Najafabad

Hossein Shahinzadeh (Member, IEEE) was born in Isfahan, Iran, in 1987. He graduated from the Iranian Center of Excellence in Power Systems, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran, with a scientific education in electrical engineering. Since September 2015, he has been an Academic Member of the Islamic Azad University of Najafabad’s (IAUN) Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering. In Tehran, he works as an Associate Researcher at the Iran Grid Secure Operation Research Institute, AUT, and the Niroo Research Institute (NRI). He is also a Senior Scientist at SMRC, IAUN, Isfahan, where he works in the subject of smart city research. The Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, metaheuristic optimization methods, big data analytics, blockchain, V2G integration, 5G technology in smart grids, renewable energy deployment, energy storage facilities, power markets, microgrids, and long-term energy planning are some of his research interests in smart grids.

Abdulmajid Muhammad Na’inna , Pakistan Air Force (PAF) Air War College Institute, Karachi, Pakistan

Abdulmajid Muhammad Na’innais an inquisitive and hardworking academic always willing to take up new challenges, network with experts in relevant fields and find solutions to problems for the betterment of humanity. Hiscurrent areas of research and teaching interests are: * Fire, explosion and safety engineering. * Explosives and nuclear engineering. * Electrical electronics engineering. * Defence and international politics.

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2025-06-17

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Abdulmalik, A. Sabo, O. Ogunleye , A. W. Noor Izzri, H. Shahinzadeh, and A. M. Na’inna, “Microgrid Control Techniques: A Review”, Vokasi Unesa Bull. Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 281–305, Jun. 2025.

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Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulmalik, Aliyu Sabo, Olutosin Ogunleye , Abdul Wahab Noor Izzri, Hossein Shahinzadeh , Abdulmajid Muhammad Na’inna

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