Consensus Optimization for Energy Efficiency in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks: Models, Techniques, and Future Directions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/vubeta.v3i3.50510Keywords:
Consensus optimization model, Energy model, Role-adaptability, Weighted CH Selection, Hybrid Clustering ConsensusAbstract
Energy efficiency continues to be a major concern in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) due to unequal resource allocation and varying network dynamics. Consensus optimization offers an effective paradigm for enabling distributed management and achieving balanced energy utilization among heterogeneous sensor nodes. This review presents an in-depth examination of consensus-based models and techniques aimed at improving energy efficiency in HWSNs. It categorizes existing methodologies based on their operational mechanisms and analyzes how node heterogeneity impacts consensus formulation and overall network performance. In addition, it highlights key research limitations, including the lack of standardized classifications, inconsistent energy modeling, insufficient benchmarking, and limited analysis of the tradeoff between convergence and energy overhead. By synthesizing advances in adaptive weighting, clustering mechanisms, and hierarchical consensus architectures, the study proposes future research pathways for scalable, robust, and energy-efficient consensus systems. Ultimately, this review provides a foundation for developing sustainable optimization frameworks for next-generation sensor networks.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew Iyobhebhe, Abdoulie Momodou. S Tekanyi, Elvis Obi, Shamsudeen. A. Mikail, Botson Ishaya Chollom, Paul Thomas Muge, Athanisius Terlumun Utev, Ridwan. O Eleshin, Fatima Ashafa
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