KAMS: A Kids’ Athletics Movement Skill Assessment Instrument-Evidence of Content Validity and Reliability in Indonesian Children Aged 10–11 Years
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/jossae.v11n1.p12-29Keywords:
athletics, instrument validation, movement skills, kids, indonesiaAbstract
The World Athletics Kids’ Athletics Level 2 programme targets children aged 8–11 years through running, jumping, and throwing activities. However, no standardised and psychometrically validated instrument exists to assess Kids’ Athletics movement skills among Indonesian children. This study developed and validated the Kids’ Athletics Movement Skill Assessment (KAMS), comprising six sub-tests: 30 m Sprint, Hurdles Sprint, Standing Long Jump, Standing Triple Jump, Turbo Throw, and Medicine Ball Push. Following the COSMIN framework, instrument development included item generation, expert content validation, pilot testing (n = 30), and psychometric evaluation with 60 primary school students (30 boys, 30 girls). Content validity was perfect (S-CVI/Ave = 1.00). Inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.910), intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.836–0.970, and test-retest reliability ranged from 0.750–0.871. Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s α = 0.793). The mean total process score was 24.68 ± 3.33, with 83.3% of students achieving at least the Good category. Although boys showed higher throwing and jumping product scores, total process scores did not differ significantly by gender. KAMS demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and is suitable for evaluating Kids’ Athletics programmes in Indonesian primary school children, with further studies recommended to establish construct and concurrent validity.
References
Africa, E. K., & Van Deventer, K. J. (2015). Balance and bilateral skills of selected previously disadvantaged children aged 9 to 12 years. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84949549956?origin=scopusAI
Altman, D. G. (1990). Practical Statistics for Medical Research. Practical Statistics for Medical Research. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429258589
Baj-Korpak, J., Stelmach, M. J., Zaworski, K., Lichograj, P., & Wochna, M. (2022). Assessment of Motor Abilities and Physical Fitness in Youth in the Context of Talent Identification—OSF Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14303. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH192114303/S1
Baj-Korpak, J., Zaworski, K., Wochna, M., Chmara, S., & Stelmach, M. J. (2024). Physical fitness and body build parameters of children and adolescents participating in the physical activity promotion programme “Athletics for all!” Archives of Public Health 2024 82:1, 82(1), 206-. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13690-024-01436-9
Barnett, L. M., van Beurden, E., Morgan, P. J., Brooks, L. O., & Beard, J. R. (2009). Childhood Motor Skill Proficiency as a Predictor of Adolescent Physical Activity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(3), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.07.004
Barnett, L. M., Verswijveren, S. J. J. M., Colvin, B., Lubans, D. R., Telford, R. M., Lander, N. J., Schott, N., Tietjens, M., Hesketh, K. D., Morgan, P. J., Hinkley, T., Downing, K. L., Telford, R. D., Cohen, K. E., Ridgers, N. D., & Abbott, G. (2024). Motor skill competence and moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity: a linear and non-linear cross-sectional analysis of eight pooled trials. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-023-01546-7
Field, A. P., Field, & P., A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, 510–531. https://docs.edtechhub.org/lib/CFJAF8HE
Gallahue, D. L., Ozmun, J. C., & Goodway, Jackie. (2012). Understanding motor development : infants, children, adolescents, adults. 461. https://books.google.com/books/about/Understanding_Motor_Development.html?hl=id&id=DVBhpwAACAAJ
G.Carmines, E., & A.Zeller, R. (1979). Reliability and Validity Assessment. Reliability and Validity Assessment. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985642
Haga, M. (2008). The relationship between physical fitness and motor competence in children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 34(3), 329–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00814.x
Hoeboer, J. J. A. A. M., Ongena, G., Krijger-Hombergen, M., Stolk, E., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & de Vries, S. I. (2018). The Athletic Skills Track: Age- and gender-related normative values of a motor skills test for 4- to 12-year-old children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21(9), 975–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.014
Hoeboer, J., Krijger-Hombergen, M., Savelsbergh, G., & De Vries, S. (2018). Reliability and concurrent validity of a motor skill competence test among 4- to 12-year old children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(14), 1607–1613. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1406296
Jum C. Nunnally, & Ira H. Bernstein. (1994). Bernstein: psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill, New York, (1994), 2015–2018. https://search.worldcat.org/title/28221417
Kokstejn, J., Grobar, M., Vampola, J., & Musalek, M. (2025). Why Motor Competence Matters: Fundamental Movement Skills and Their Role in Promoting Physical Activity and Health in Czech Children Aged 9–10 Years. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030258
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCM.2016.02.012
Krasova, I., & Krasov, O. (2019). Informative significance of indicators of physical preparedness and morphofunctional state in the structure of the motor system of 9–10 years old pupils. Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science and Sport, 2019(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2019-1.003
Lloyd, R. S., Moeskops, S., & Granacher, U. (2019). Motor skill training for young athletes. In Strength and Conditioning for Young Athletes: Science and Application (pp. 103–130). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351115346-6
Lopes, N., Matos, R., Amaro, N., Coelho, L., Antunes, R., Jacinto, M., Rodrigues, F., Monteiro, D., & Ibáñez, S. (2023). Motor competence of 10 years old children with different athletics practice years. Retos, 50, 599–604. https://doi.org/10.47197/RETOS.V50.99333
Lund, J. Lea., & Tannehill, Deborah. (2015). Standards-based physical education curriculum development. 422.
Makaruk, H., Porter, J. M., Webster, E. K., Makaruk, B., Bodasińska, A., Zieliński, J., Tomaszewski, P., Nogal, M., Szyszka, P., Starzak, M., Śliwa, M., Banaś, M., Biegajło, M., Chaliburda, A., Gierczuk, D., Suchecki, B., Molik, B., & Sadowski, J. (2023). The fus test: a promising tool for evaluating fundamental motor skills in children and adolescents. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16843-w
MIRWALD, R. L., G. BAXTER-JONES, A. D., BAILEY, D. A., & BEUNEN, G. P. (2002). An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(4), 689–694. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200204000-00020
Mokkink, L. B., Terwee, C. B., Patrick, D. L., Alonso, J., Stratford, P. W., Knol, D. L., Bouter, L. M., & De Vet, H. C. W. (2010). The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Quality of Life Research : An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 19(4), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11136-010-9606-8
Papaiakovou, G., Giannakos, A., Michailidis, C., Patikas, D., Bassa, E., Kalopisis, V., Anthrakidis, N., & Kotzamanidis, C. (2009). The effect of chronological age and gender on the development of sprint performance during childhood and puberty. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(9), 2568–2573. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E3181C0D8EC
Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 30(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/NUR.20199
Queiroz, D. D. R., Ré, A. H. N., Henrique, R. D. S., Moura, M. D. S., & Cattuzzo, M. T. (2014). Participation in sports practice and motor competence in preschoolers. Motriz. Revista de Educacao Fisica, 20(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-65742014000100004
Ramírez-vélez, R., Rosario, U., Correa-bautista, J. E., Rosario, U., & García-hermoso, A. (2017). Self-Rated Health Status and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a Sample of Schoolchildren from Self-Rated Health Status and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in a Sample of Schoolchildren from Bogot á ,. (August). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090952
Robinson, L. E., Stodden, D. F., Barnett, L. M., Lopes, V. P., Logan, S. W., Rodrigues, L. P., & D’Hondt, E. (2015). Motor Competence and its Effect on Positive Developmental Trajectories of Health. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(9), 1273–1284. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-015-0351-6
Stodden, D. F., Langendorfer, S. J., Goodway, J. D., Roberton, M. A., Rudisill, M. E., Garcia, C., & Garcia, L. E. (2008). A Developmental Perspective on the Role of Motor Skill Competence in Physical Activity: An Emergent Relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2008.10483582
Streiner, D. L. ., Norman, G. R. ., & Cairney, John. (2024). Health measurement scales : a practical guide to their development and use. https://books.google.com/books/about/Health_Measurement_Scales.html?hl=id&id=pb30EAAAQBAJ
Thomas, E., Petrigna, L., Tabacchi, G., Teixeira, E., Pajaujiene, S., Sturm, D. J., Nese Sahin, F., Gómez-López, M., Pausic, J., Paoli, A., Alesi, M., & Bianco, A. (2020). Percentile values of the standing broad jump in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old. European Journal of Translational Myology, 30(2), 9050. https://doi.org/10.4081/EJTM.2019.9050
Valentini, N. C., Nobre, G. C., Zanella, L. W., Pereira, K. G., Albuquerque, M. R., Rudisill, M. E., Valentini, N. C., Nobre, G. C., Zanella, L. W., Pereira, K. G., Albuquerque, M. R., & Rudisill, M. E. (2021). Test of Gross Motor Development–3 Validity and Reliability: A Screening Form. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 9(3), 438–455. https://doi.org/10.1123/JMLD.2020-0061
Valentini, N. C., Pierosan, L., Rudisill, M. E., & Hastie, P. A. (2017). Mastery and exercise play interventions: motor skill development and verbal recall of children with and without disabilities. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 22(4), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2016.1241223
Vandorpe, B., Vandendriessche, J., Lefevre, J., Pion, J., Vaeyens, R., Matthys, S., Philippaerts, R., & Lenoir, M. (2011). The KörperkoordinationsTest für Kinder: Reference values and suitability for 6-12-year-old children in Flanders. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21(3), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-0838.2009.01067.X;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
World Athletics. (2022). Kids Athletics | World Athletics. https://worldathletics.org/kids-athletics
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 JOSSAE (Journal of Sport Science and Education)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Abstract views: 0
,
PDF Downloads: 0
