Pengaruh Risk Attitude, Risk Perception, dan Subjective Norm terhadap Risk Intended Behavior dari Restoran Makanan yang Tidak Memiliki Sertifikasi Halal bagi Konsumen Muslim, dengan Variabel Moderator Religiusitas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/bisma.v5n2.p130-146Keywords:
Risk, Risk Attitude, Risk Perception, Subjective Norm, Risk Intention Behavior, ReligiosityAbstract
Restaurant in East Java last few years has increased significantly, where they come to offer a wide selection of new and exciting menus to satisfy consumers. On the other hand a lot of publicity to grow, both through print and electronic media about the composition of the food in them contain components harmful to the health of the body as well , including the types of food that is prohibited for consumption by religious law ( especially for Muslims ) widely circulated and highly troubling . This phenomenon is reinforced with only three restaurants in East Java that has a halal certification. Of course it is ironic that the majority of the population in East Java is Muslim. It should be noted by the company restaurant food is how consumer behavior in the face of such phenomena. Where the risk is influenced consumer behavior from attitudes towards risk (risk attitude), risk perception, subjective norms and consumer behavior in the face of possible risks that would happen (risk behavior intention) of restaurant that havent halal certification. This study using a quantitative design with statistical tools Partial Least Square (PLS). The results found that the risk attitude, risk perception, subjective norm effect on risk intention behavior. While the value of religiosity a person does not give effect to the relationship of risk attitude and risk perception on risk behavior intentionReferences
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Alvin C.B and Ronald F.B. 2010. Marketing Research. 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Assael, H. 1998. Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action. 6th Edition. South Western: Collage Publishing.
Chou, K.L., and Lau, T.C. 2010 Attitude towards Business Ethics Examining the Influence of Religiosity, Gender and Education Levels. International journal of Marketing Studies. V. 2, No. 1.
Copper, D.R and Schindler P.S. 2011. Business Research Methods. 11th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Daradjat, Z. 1992. Kesehatan Mental dalam Keluarga. Jakarta: Pustaka Antara.
De Mooij, M. and Hofstede, G. 2011. Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior: A Review of Research Findings. Journal of International Consumer Marketing. 23:181192.
Eckhardt, Andreas, and Goethe. 2010. The Significant Others of Subjective Norm - A Scientometric Study of Subjective Norm in is Top-Journals over Two Decades.
Featherman, M. and Fuller, M. 2003. Applying TAM to E-Services Adoption: The Moderating Role of Perceived Risk.
Ferdinand, A. 2002. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dalam Penelitian Manajemen (Aplikasi Model Rumit dalam Penelitian Tesis and Disertasi). Program Magister Manajemen Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas.
Glock, C. Y., and Stark, R. 1965. Religion And Society In Tension. San Francisco: Rand McNally.
Ghozali, I. 2011. Structural Equation Model Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Square (PLS). Edisi 3, Semarang : Universitas Diponegoro.
Greene, K., Hale, J.L., and Rubin, D.L. 1997. A Test of the Theory of Reasoned Action in the Context of Condom Use and AIDS. Communication Reports. V. 10, No. 1.
Ilona, V.D.H. 2000. The Relative Weight of Attitude and Subjective Norm as Determinants of Behavioral Intention: The Promotion-Prevention Dichotomy as A Measure for Behavioral and Individual Moderators.
Jen, H.H., Bruce, C.Y.L., and Shu, H.H. 2004. Consumer Attitude Toward Gray Market Goods. International Marketing Review. Vol. 21 No. 6.
Hamza, K. 2010. Measuring Religiosity in Consumer Research from Islamic Perspective. Journal of Marketing Studies. Vol. 2, No. 2.
Hanzaee, K.H., Attar, M.M., and Alikhan, F. 2011. Investigating the Effect of Gender Role Attitude on the Relationship Between Dimensions of Religiosity and New Product Adoption Intention. Journal Sciences. Vol. 13. No. 6: 1527-1536
Hawkins, D.I., and Mothersbaugh, D.L. 2010. Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy. 11th Edition. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Hernandez, B.C. 2011. The Religiosity and Spirituality Scale for Youth: Development and Initial Validation. A Dessertation.
Hiyi T., Joseph, T.F.L., Weina X., Jing, G., and Zixin, W. 2012. Should Associations between HIV-Related Risk Perceptions and Behaviors or Intentions Be Positive or Negative?. Volume 7. Issue 12: e52124.
Ho, S.S., Lee, W., and Hameed, S.S. 2008. Muslim Surfers on The Internet: Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Examine the Factors Influencing Engagement in Online Religious Activities. New Media Society. Vol. 10 No. 1: 93-113.
Hope, A. 2012. Faith Groups and Risk Perception: A Study Exploring Attitudes to Environmental Issues and Energy Technologies. Mini Project Report.
Hsinkuang, C., Hueryren, Y., and Wei, C. H., 2012. The Moderating Effect of Subjective Norm on Cloud Computing Users Perceived Risk and Usage Intention. International Journal of Marketing Studies; Vol. 4, No. 6.
Huda, N., Rini, N., Yosi, M., and Putra, P. 2012. The Analysis of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Behavioral Control on Muzakkis Intention to Pay Zakah. Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3. No. 22.
Jones, J. A. 2005. An Introduction to Factor Analysis of Information Risk (FAIR). Risk Management Insight.
Jogiyanto. 2011. Konsep and Aplikasi Structural Equation Modeling Berbasis Varian Dalam Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: Penerbit STIM YKPN.
Jyh, S.C. 1998. The Effects of Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Consumers Purchase Intentions: The Moderating Effects of Product Knowledge and Attention to Social Comparison Information. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Vol. 9, No. 2: pp. 298-308.
Kahneman D., and Tversky A. 1979. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.
Kikwilu, N., Frencken, J.E., Mulder, J., Masalu, J.R. 2008. Dental Practitioners Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Intentions to Practice Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (Art) in Tanzania. J. Appl Oral Sci. Vol. 17 No. 2: 97-102.
Kim, S.F., Waller, D.S., and Erdogan, Z.B. 2004. The influence of religion on attitudes towards the advertising of controversial products. European Journal of Marketing V. 38 No. 5/6.
Malhotra, N.K., and McCort, J.D. 2001. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Behavioral Intention Models Theoretical Consideration and An Empirical Investigation. International Marketing Review, Vol. 18 No. 3: 235-269.
Mangunwijaya, Y.B. 1982. Sastra and Religiusitas. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.
Miniard, C.P., and Cohen, J.B. 1981. Examining the Diagnostic Utility of the Fishbein Behavioral Intentions Model. Consumer Research. V. 8: 42-47.
Mustikiwa, M. and Basera, C.H. 2012. The Influence of Socio-cultural Variables on Consumers Perception of Halal Food Products: A Case of Masvingo Urban, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 7, No. 20.
Myler, C.J. 2009. Latter-Day Saint Religiosity and Attitudes Towards Sexual Minorities. Thesis. Morrow, B.H. 2009. Risk Behavior And Risk Communication: Synthesis And Expert Interviews. SocResearch. Final Report.
Pennings, J., Garcia, P. 2010. Risk And Hedging Behavior: The Role And Determinants Of Latent Heterogeneity. Journal of Financial Research. Vol. XXXIII, No. 4: 373401
Pennings, J., Wansink, B., Meulenberg, M.T.G. 2002. A note on modeling consumer reactions to a crisis: The case of the mad cow disease. Journal of Research in Marketing 91100.
Pennings J., and Wansink, B. 2004. Channel Contract Behavior: The Role of Risk Attitudes, Risk Perceptions, And Channel Members Market Structures. Journal of Business, vol. 77, no. 4.
Peter, J.P, and Olson, J.C. 2010. Consumer Behavior and marketing Strategy. 9th Edition. New York: MC Graw Hill.
Pickens, J. 2005. Attitudes and Perceptions. Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia, 44
Plattner, T.H., Plapp, T., and Hebel B. 2006. Integrating Public Risk Perception Into Formal Natural Hazard Risk Assessment. Sci. 6. 471486.
Premananto, G.C. 2004. Keterkaitan Risk Perception, Risk Attitude and Risk Intended Behavior dalam Pengkonsumsian Rokok Para Perokok Aktif di Surabaya Serta Perbedaannya Berdasarkan Tingkatan Pendidikan. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga.
Radzali, F.M., Ahman, A., and Omar, Z. 2013. Relationships between Dispositional Factors and Workplace Deviant Behavior: The Moderating Role of Religiosity. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 1-6.
Robbins, S.P. 2007. Perilaku Organisasi: Buku 1. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Rohrmann, B. 2005. Risk Attitude Scales: Concepts, Questionnaires, Utilizations. Project Report.
Rohrmann, B. 2008. Risk Perception, Risk Attitude, Risk Communication, Risk Management: A Conceptual Appraisal. International Emergency Management Society.
Rusnah, M. and Hussin, W.S. 2004. The Influence of Religiosity and Perceptions of Unethical Business Practices: An Empirical Investigation of the Malaysian Muslims.
Salleh, M.S. 2012. Religiosity in Development: A Theoretical Construct of an Islamic-Based Development. Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 2 No. 14.
Schiffmen, L.G., Bednall, D., Cowley, E., OCass, A., Watson, J., and Kanuk, L.L. 2001. Consumer Behavior. 2nd Edition. Australia: Prentice Hall.
Solimun. 2002. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Malang: Grahadi Media.
Spilka, B., Hood, R.W., and Gorsuch, RL. 1985. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New Jersey: Engelwood Cliff, Prentice Hall.
Taylor, P., and Gooby. 2004. Psychology, Social Psychology and Risk. Working Paper
Tiliouine, H. and Belgoumidi, A. (2009). An Exploratory Study of Religiosity, Meaning in Life and Subjective Wellbeing in Muslim Students from Algeria. Applied Research Quality Life, 4:109-127.
Vallerand, R.J., Deshaies, P., Jean, P.C., Pellitier, L.G., and Mongeau, C. 1992. Ajzen and Fishbeins Theory of Reasoned Action as Applied to Moral Behavior: A Convirmatory Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 62, No. 1: 98-109.
Webber, E.U., and Milliman, R.A. 2002. Perceived Risk Attitude: Relating Risk Perception to Risky Choice. Management Science. Vol. 43, No. 2.
Victor E.S., and Judith C.S. 2004. Moderator Variables in Cultural Values and Business Ethics Research: Important to External Validity. Journal Business and Economics.
Wahyuni, I. 2009. Analisis Komparatif Perbedaan Tingkat Religiusitas Siswa di Lembaga Pendidikan Pesantren. Vol. 12 No. 1: 87-102
Waves, S.M. 2012. Religiosity, Ethnic Identity, And Risky Sexual Behavior In An African American Church-Affiliated Population. Kansas City, Missouri. A Dissertation.
Zakiah Daradjat. 1993. Ilmu Jiwa Agama. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang. Daftar Belanja MUI, edisi No.96/Juli-Agustus 2012.
Internet
Anggraenny, P. 2012. Pengusaha Resto Jatim Giat Ekspansi. idc.centroone.com diakses tanggal 7 Maret 2013
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. Penduduk Menurut Wilayah yang Dianut. http://sp2010.bps.go.id/ diakses tanggal 2 Maret 2013.
Devita, S. 2011. Fatwa MUI Makin Diakui Dunia. food.detik.com/read diakses tanggal 2 Maret 2013
Denny, A., dan Zahrul, D. 2013. Bagaimana Isu Minyak Babi Menghantam Restoran Solaria. nasional.news.viva.co.id diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2013
Didik, P. 2012. Bakso Pakai Daging Babi, Kemendag Bantah Daging Sapi Kurang. nasional.kompas.comdiakses tanggal 7 Maret 2013
Eko, S. 2013. Bakso Daging Babi Itu Perilaku Buruk Produsen. tribunnews.com diakses tanggal 20 April 2013
Erlangga, D. 2012. Sertifikasi Produk Halal Tetap Otoritas MUI. internasional.kompas.com diakses tanggal 11 November 2013.
Kemenag. 2012. Laporan Tahunan. puslitbang1.balitbangdiklat.kemenag.go. diakses tanggal 8 Maret 2013
Liputan6. 2001. Ajinomoto Terancam Denda dan Penjara. news.liputan6.com diakses tanggal 20 April 2013
Wikipedia. 2013. Halal. id.wikipedia.org diakses tanggal 5 November 2013.
Alvin C.B and Ronald F.B. 2010. Marketing Research. 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Assael, H. 1998. Consumer Behavior and Marketing Action. 6th Edition. South Western: Collage Publishing.
Chou, K.L., and Lau, T.C. 2010 Attitude towards Business Ethics Examining the Influence of Religiosity, Gender and Education Levels. International journal of Marketing Studies. V. 2, No. 1.
Copper, D.R and Schindler P.S. 2011. Business Research Methods. 11th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Daradjat, Z. 1992. Kesehatan Mental dalam Keluarga. Jakarta: Pustaka Antara.
De Mooij, M. and Hofstede, G. 2011. Cross-Cultural Consumer Behavior: A Review of Research Findings. Journal of International Consumer Marketing. 23:181192.
Eckhardt, Andreas, and Goethe. 2010. The Significant Others of Subjective Norm - A Scientometric Study of Subjective Norm in is Top-Journals over Two Decades.
Featherman, M. and Fuller, M. 2003. Applying TAM to E-Services Adoption: The Moderating Role of Perceived Risk.
Ferdinand, A. 2002. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dalam Penelitian Manajemen (Aplikasi Model Rumit dalam Penelitian Tesis and Disertasi). Program Magister Manajemen Universitas Diponegoro. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas.
Glock, C. Y., and Stark, R. 1965. Religion And Society In Tension. San Francisco: Rand McNally.
Ghozali, I. 2011. Structural Equation Model Metode Alternatif dengan Partial Least Square (PLS). Edisi 3, Semarang : Universitas Diponegoro.
Greene, K., Hale, J.L., and Rubin, D.L. 1997. A Test of the Theory of Reasoned Action in the Context of Condom Use and AIDS. Communication Reports. V. 10, No. 1.
Ilona, V.D.H. 2000. The Relative Weight of Attitude and Subjective Norm as Determinants of Behavioral Intention: The Promotion-Prevention Dichotomy as A Measure for Behavioral and Individual Moderators.
Jen, H.H., Bruce, C.Y.L., and Shu, H.H. 2004. Consumer Attitude Toward Gray Market Goods. International Marketing Review. Vol. 21 No. 6.
Hamza, K. 2010. Measuring Religiosity in Consumer Research from Islamic Perspective. Journal of Marketing Studies. Vol. 2, No. 2.
Hanzaee, K.H., Attar, M.M., and Alikhan, F. 2011. Investigating the Effect of Gender Role Attitude on the Relationship Between Dimensions of Religiosity and New Product Adoption Intention. Journal Sciences. Vol. 13. No. 6: 1527-1536
Hawkins, D.I., and Mothersbaugh, D.L. 2010. Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing Strategy. 11th Edition. New York: Mc Graw-Hill.
Hernandez, B.C. 2011. The Religiosity and Spirituality Scale for Youth: Development and Initial Validation. A Dessertation.
Hiyi T., Joseph, T.F.L., Weina X., Jing, G., and Zixin, W. 2012. Should Associations between HIV-Related Risk Perceptions and Behaviors or Intentions Be Positive or Negative?. Volume 7. Issue 12: e52124.
Ho, S.S., Lee, W., and Hameed, S.S. 2008. Muslim Surfers on The Internet: Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Examine the Factors Influencing Engagement in Online Religious Activities. New Media Society. Vol. 10 No. 1: 93-113.
Hope, A. 2012. Faith Groups and Risk Perception: A Study Exploring Attitudes to Environmental Issues and Energy Technologies. Mini Project Report.
Hsinkuang, C., Hueryren, Y., and Wei, C. H., 2012. The Moderating Effect of Subjective Norm on Cloud Computing Users Perceived Risk and Usage Intention. International Journal of Marketing Studies; Vol. 4, No. 6.
Huda, N., Rini, N., Yosi, M., and Putra, P. 2012. The Analysis of Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Behavioral Control on Muzakkis Intention to Pay Zakah. Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 3. No. 22.
Jones, J. A. 2005. An Introduction to Factor Analysis of Information Risk (FAIR). Risk Management Insight.
Jogiyanto. 2011. Konsep and Aplikasi Structural Equation Modeling Berbasis Varian Dalam Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: Penerbit STIM YKPN.
Jyh, S.C. 1998. The Effects of Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control on Consumers Purchase Intentions: The Moderating Effects of Product Knowledge and Attention to Social Comparison Information. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Vol. 9, No. 2: pp. 298-308.
Kahneman D., and Tversky A. 1979. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk.
Kikwilu, N., Frencken, J.E., Mulder, J., Masalu, J.R. 2008. Dental Practitioners Attitudes, Subjective Norms and Intentions to Practice Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (Art) in Tanzania. J. Appl Oral Sci. Vol. 17 No. 2: 97-102.
Kim, S.F., Waller, D.S., and Erdogan, Z.B. 2004. The influence of religion on attitudes towards the advertising of controversial products. European Journal of Marketing V. 38 No. 5/6.
Malhotra, N.K., and McCort, J.D. 2001. A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Behavioral Intention Models Theoretical Consideration and An Empirical Investigation. International Marketing Review, Vol. 18 No. 3: 235-269.
Mangunwijaya, Y.B. 1982. Sastra and Religiusitas. Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.
Miniard, C.P., and Cohen, J.B. 1981. Examining the Diagnostic Utility of the Fishbein Behavioral Intentions Model. Consumer Research. V. 8: 42-47.
Mustikiwa, M. and Basera, C.H. 2012. The Influence of Socio-cultural Variables on Consumers Perception of Halal Food Products: A Case of Masvingo Urban, Zimbabwe. International Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 7, No. 20.
Myler, C.J. 2009. Latter-Day Saint Religiosity and Attitudes Towards Sexual Minorities. Thesis. Morrow, B.H. 2009. Risk Behavior And Risk Communication: Synthesis And Expert Interviews. SocResearch. Final Report.
Pennings, J., Garcia, P. 2010. Risk And Hedging Behavior: The Role And Determinants Of Latent Heterogeneity. Journal of Financial Research. Vol. XXXIII, No. 4: 373401
Pennings, J., Wansink, B., Meulenberg, M.T.G. 2002. A note on modeling consumer reactions to a crisis: The case of the mad cow disease. Journal of Research in Marketing 91100.
Pennings J., and Wansink, B. 2004. Channel Contract Behavior: The Role of Risk Attitudes, Risk Perceptions, And Channel Members Market Structures. Journal of Business, vol. 77, no. 4.
Peter, J.P, and Olson, J.C. 2010. Consumer Behavior and marketing Strategy. 9th Edition. New York: MC Graw Hill.
Pickens, J. 2005. Attitudes and Perceptions. Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia, 44
Plattner, T.H., Plapp, T., and Hebel B. 2006. Integrating Public Risk Perception Into Formal Natural Hazard Risk Assessment. Sci. 6. 471486.
Premananto, G.C. 2004. Keterkaitan Risk Perception, Risk Attitude and Risk Intended Behavior dalam Pengkonsumsian Rokok Para Perokok Aktif di Surabaya Serta Perbedaannya Berdasarkan Tingkatan Pendidikan. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga.
Radzali, F.M., Ahman, A., and Omar, Z. 2013. Relationships between Dispositional Factors and Workplace Deviant Behavior: The Moderating Role of Religiosity. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 1-6.
Robbins, S.P. 2007. Perilaku Organisasi: Buku 1. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Rohrmann, B. 2005. Risk Attitude Scales: Concepts, Questionnaires, Utilizations. Project Report.
Rohrmann, B. 2008. Risk Perception, Risk Attitude, Risk Communication, Risk Management: A Conceptual Appraisal. International Emergency Management Society.
Rusnah, M. and Hussin, W.S. 2004. The Influence of Religiosity and Perceptions of Unethical Business Practices: An Empirical Investigation of the Malaysian Muslims.
Salleh, M.S. 2012. Religiosity in Development: A Theoretical Construct of an Islamic-Based Development. Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 2 No. 14.
Schiffmen, L.G., Bednall, D., Cowley, E., OCass, A., Watson, J., and Kanuk, L.L. 2001. Consumer Behavior. 2nd Edition. Australia: Prentice Hall.
Solimun. 2002. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Malang: Grahadi Media.
Spilka, B., Hood, R.W., and Gorsuch, RL. 1985. The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. New Jersey: Engelwood Cliff, Prentice Hall.
Taylor, P., and Gooby. 2004. Psychology, Social Psychology and Risk. Working Paper
Tiliouine, H. and Belgoumidi, A. (2009). An Exploratory Study of Religiosity, Meaning in Life and Subjective Wellbeing in Muslim Students from Algeria. Applied Research Quality Life, 4:109-127.
Vallerand, R.J., Deshaies, P., Jean, P.C., Pellitier, L.G., and Mongeau, C. 1992. Ajzen and Fishbeins Theory of Reasoned Action as Applied to Moral Behavior: A Convirmatory Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 62, No. 1: 98-109.
Webber, E.U., and Milliman, R.A. 2002. Perceived Risk Attitude: Relating Risk Perception to Risky Choice. Management Science. Vol. 43, No. 2.
Victor E.S., and Judith C.S. 2004. Moderator Variables in Cultural Values and Business Ethics Research: Important to External Validity. Journal Business and Economics.
Wahyuni, I. 2009. Analisis Komparatif Perbedaan Tingkat Religiusitas Siswa di Lembaga Pendidikan Pesantren. Vol. 12 No. 1: 87-102
Waves, S.M. 2012. Religiosity, Ethnic Identity, And Risky Sexual Behavior In An African American Church-Affiliated Population. Kansas City, Missouri. A Dissertation.
Zakiah Daradjat. 1993. Ilmu Jiwa Agama. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang. Daftar Belanja MUI, edisi No.96/Juli-Agustus 2012.
Internet
Anggraenny, P. 2012. Pengusaha Resto Jatim Giat Ekspansi. idc.centroone.com diakses tanggal 7 Maret 2013
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2010. Penduduk Menurut Wilayah yang Dianut. http://sp2010.bps.go.id/ diakses tanggal 2 Maret 2013.
Devita, S. 2011. Fatwa MUI Makin Diakui Dunia. food.detik.com/read diakses tanggal 2 Maret 2013
Denny, A., dan Zahrul, D. 2013. Bagaimana Isu Minyak Babi Menghantam Restoran Solaria. nasional.news.viva.co.id diakses tanggal 20 Agustus 2013
Didik, P. 2012. Bakso Pakai Daging Babi, Kemendag Bantah Daging Sapi Kurang. nasional.kompas.comdiakses tanggal 7 Maret 2013
Eko, S. 2013. Bakso Daging Babi Itu Perilaku Buruk Produsen. tribunnews.com diakses tanggal 20 April 2013
Erlangga, D. 2012. Sertifikasi Produk Halal Tetap Otoritas MUI. internasional.kompas.com diakses tanggal 11 November 2013.
Kemenag. 2012. Laporan Tahunan. puslitbang1.balitbangdiklat.kemenag.go. diakses tanggal 8 Maret 2013
Liputan6. 2001. Ajinomoto Terancam Denda dan Penjara. news.liputan6.com diakses tanggal 20 April 2013
Wikipedia. 2013. Halal. id.wikipedia.org diakses tanggal 5 November 2013.
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2018-06-04
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Winahyu, R. B. (2018). Pengaruh Risk Attitude, Risk Perception, dan Subjective Norm terhadap Risk Intended Behavior dari Restoran Makanan yang Tidak Memiliki Sertifikasi Halal bagi Konsumen Muslim, dengan Variabel Moderator Religiusitas. BISMA (Bisnis Dan Manajemen), 5(2), 130–146. https://doi.org/10.26740/bisma.v5n2.p130-146
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