Economic Vulnerability, Climate Change, and its Influence on School Enrolment: A Study of Dambatta Rural Community
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: The present study focused on exploring the influence of parents’ economic vulnerability in the agricultural sector on students’ enrollment in the Dambatta Local Government Area of Kano State, a rural community in Nigeria. Method: The quantitative and qualitative methods (mixed mode) were employed throughout this study. Two separate questionnaires were administered to 108 teachers and 28 parents who were randomly selected for interview. Results: indicates a moderate negative relationship between vulnerability in economic and students’ school enrolment in the rural community, with r = -0.686, p = 0.000, P < 0.01. That means an increase in vulnerability in agricultural jobs leads to a decrease in students’ enrolment. However, it was discovered that most parents in the rural community hold negative views regarding their children’s education during economic vulnerability. Novelty: The study signified that economic vulnerability caused by climate change, like negative precipitation and agricultural productivity, directly influences school conditions and educational decisions in rural communities.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Ahmed, Md. R. (2024). Climate shocks’ impact on agricultural income and household food security in Bangladesh: An implication of the food insecurity experience scale. Heliyon, 10(4), e25687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25687
Alberti, M. A., Blanco, I., Vox, G., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G., Schettini, E., & Pimentel Da Silva, L. (2022). The challenge of urban food production and sustainable water use: Current situation and future perspectives of the urban agriculture in Brazil and Italy. Sustainable Cities and Society, 83, 103961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103961
Allen, E. M., Munala, L., Frederick, A. J., Quito, C., Enayat, A., & Ngunjiri, A. S. W. (2025). Climate Change and Health: Impacts Across Social Determinants in Kenyan Agrarian Communities. Climate, 13(8), 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13080169
Antoniades, A. (2025). Breaking the Cycle: Financial Stress, Unsustainable Growth, and the Transition to Sustainability. Sustainability, 17(17), 7830. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177830
Aragón, F. M., Oteiza, F., & Rud, J. P. (2021). Climate Change and Agriculture: Subsistence Farmers’ Response to Extreme Heat. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 13(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20190316
Baez, J. E., Lucchetti, L., Genoni, M. E., & Salazar, M. (2017). Gone with the Storm: Rainfall Shocks and Household Wellbeing in Guatemala. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(8), 1253–1271. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1224853
Baffour-Ata, F., Boakye, L., Gado, M. T., Boakye-Yiadom, E., Mensah, S. C., Kwaku Kumfo, S. M., Osei Owusu, K. P., Carr, E., Dzikunu, E., & Davies, P. (2024). Climatic and non-climatic factors driving the livelihood vulnerability of smallholder farmers in Ahafo Ano North District, Ghana. Regional Sustainability, 5(3), 100157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2024.100157
Bano, M. (2020). Barriers to primary completion and transition in Northern Nigeria: Evidence from a non-formal schooling intervention. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 50(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2018.1510304
Barnor, K., & Kafle, K. (2025). Dry weather, empty desks? Rainfall Shocks and Child Education in Tanzania. https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.361160
Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 70(5), 9–49.
Bernard, H. R. (2013). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (2nd ed). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Berridge, D., Sebba, J., Cartwright, M., & Staples, E. (2021). School experiences of Children in Need: Learning and support. British Educational Research Journal, 47(6), 1700–1716. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3750
Bitzer, V., Kruijssen, F., Mugisha, J., Waswa, L., Aliso, J., & Nakazzi, B. (2024). Vulnerability and resilience among farmers and market actors in local agri-food value chains in the face of COVID-19 disruptions: Findings from Uganda and Kenya. Food Security, 16(1), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-023-01414-z
Canton, H. (2021). Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations—FAO. In The Europa Directory of International Organizations 2021 (23rd Edition, pp. 297–305). Routledge.
Chee, J. D. (2015). Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation: Sample Analysis. Unpublished. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1856.2726
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage.
Dube, N. (2023). Adaptation and resilience in rural Zimbabwe. GeoJournal, 88(5), 5331–5352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-023-10918-2
Fitzpatrick, R., Amenya, D., & McAleavy, T. (2024). Climate change and education: From evidence to action (pp. 1–34). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED671244.pdf
Flabbi, L., & Gatti, R. (2018). A Primer on Human Capital. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8309
Gutierrez, H., Lee, G. O., Corozo Angulo, B., Dimka, J., Eisenberg, J. N. S., Trostle, J. A., & Hardin, R. (2020). Perceptions of Local Vulnerability and the Relative Importance of Climate Change in Rural Ecuador. Human Ecology, 48(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-020-00165-1
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th Edition). Pearson.
Hallegatte, S., Bangalore, M., Bonzanigo, L., Fay, M., Kane, T., Narloch, U., Rozenberg, J., Treguer, D., & Vogt-Schilb, A. (2016). Shock waves: Managing the impact of climate change on poverty (pp. 1–197). World Bank Group.
Indrawan, D., & Jalilah, S. R. (2021). Metode Kombinasi/Campuran Bentuk Integrasi Dalam Penelitian. Jurnal Studi Guru Dan Pembelajaran, 4(3), 735–739. https://doi.org/10.30605/jsgp.4.3.2021.1452
Ingutia, R., Rezitis, A. N., & Sumelius, J. (2020). Child poverty, status of rural women and education in sub Saharan Africa. Children and Youth Services Review, 111, 104869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104869
Kessler, A. S., & Lülfesmann, C. (2002). The Theory of Human Capital Revisited: On the Interaction of General and Specific Investments.
Kraft, M. A., Malik, S., & Falken, G. T. (2025). Education and Climate Change: Synthesizing the Evidence to Guide Future Research.
Kumar, A., & Mohanasundari, T. (2025). Assessment of livelihood vulnerability to climate change among tribal communities in Chhindwara and Dhar district, Central India. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 8843. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-90769-8
Kurukulasuriya, D., Howcroft, W., Moon, E., Meredith, K., & Timms, W. (2022). Selecting Environmental Water Tracers to Understand Groundwater around Mines: Opportunities and Limitations. Mine Water and the Environment, 41(2), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-022-00845-y
Mainye, M. J., Benson, O. C., & Benard, M. (2018). Influence of Parental Socio-Economic Status on Pre-Schoolers Access to Early Childhood Education in Kenya. International Journal of Novel Research in Education and Learning, 5(1).
Manucharyan, M. (2025). Climate change impacts on sustainable agriculture: Evidence from Armenia. Unconventional Resources, 6, 100159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uncres.2025.100159
Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., & Zhou, B. (2021). IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896
Minoli, S., Jägermeyr, J., Asseng, S., Urfels, A., & Müller, C. (2022). Global crop yields can be lifted by timely adaptation of growing periods to climate change. Nature Communications, 13(1), 7079. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34411-5
Mitrică, B., Şerban, P.-R., Roznoviețchi, I., Micu, D., Persu, M., Grigorescu, I., Amihăesei, V., Dumitraşcu, M., & Damian, N. (2025). The tourism sector’s vulnerability to climate change-related phenomena. Case study: Romania. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 118, 105248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2025.105248
Mustapha, I. A. (2000). Fundamental of educational psychology (2nd Ed). rainbow royale publishers.
Nainggolan, H. C., Dalimunthe, F. I., Prastia, R., Simamora, B. J., & Sihite, S. Y. M. (2024). Analysis of Vulnerability and Effesctiveness of Strengthening Community Collaboration in Disaster Mitigation in Bukit Lawang Plantation Tourism Village, Bahorok District, Langkat Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Global Education, 5(4), 1552–1563. https://doi.org/10.55681/jige.v5i4.3290
Nandi, R., Pratheepa, C. M., Nedumaran, S., Rao, N., & Rengalakshmi, R. (2022). Farm Parent and Youth Aspirations on the Generational Succession of Farming: Evidence From South India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 804581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.804581
Ngamdu, M. B., Audu, I. A., Kolo, M. T., & Mohammed, K. (2022). Challenges of Climate Change and Food Crop Production in Danbatta Local Government Area of Kano State. Jalingo Journal of Social and Management Sciences, 4(2), 161–169.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). An Overview of Psychological Measurement. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders (pp. 97–146). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2490-4_4
Ochieng, J., Kirimi, L., & Mathenge, M. (2016). Effects of Climate Variability and Change on Agricultural Production: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers in Kenya. https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.229711
Palacios, P., & Rojas-Velásquez, L. (2023). Impact of weather shocks on educational outcomes in the municipalities of Colombia. International Journal of Educational Development, 101, 102816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102816
Pizzorni, M., Innocenti, A., & Tollin, N. (2024). Droughts and floods in a changing climate and implications for multi-hazard urban planning: A review. City and Environment Interactions, 24, 100169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2024.100169
Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2018). Returns to investment in education: A decennial review of the global literature. Education Economics, 26(5), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2018.1484426
Pulungan, M. S., Hadinugroho, D. L., & Slamet, B. (2024). Strategi Pengembangan Program Kampung Iklim di Desa Sidodadi Ramunia. Jurnal Ilmiah Global Education, 5(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.55681/jige.v5i1.2108
Rakesh, D., Lee, P. A., Gaikwad, A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2025). Annual Research Review: Associations of socioeconomic status with cognitive function, language ability, and academic achievement in youth: a systematic review of mechanisms and protective factors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 66(4), 417–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.14082
Ranasinghe, R., Ruane, A. C., Vautard, R., Arnell, N., Coppola, E., Cruz, F., Dessai, S., Saiful Islam, A. K. M., Rahimi, M., Carrascal, D. R., Sillmann, J., Sylla, M. B., Tebaldi, C., Wang, W., & Zaaboul, R. (2021). Climate change information for regional impact and for risk assessment. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009157896/type/book
Randell, H., & Gray, C. (2019). Climate change and educational attainment in the global tropics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(18), 8840–8845. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817480116
Roby, J. L., Erickson, L., & Nagaishi, C. (2016). Education for children in sub-Saharan Africa: Predictors impacting school attendance. Children and Youth Services Review, 64, 110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.03.002
Saleem, N., & Smirnova, J. (2026). The impact of climate change on agricultural production: A comparative analysis of three Global South regions. Eurasian Economic Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-025-00355-6
Savo, V., Lepofsky, D., Benner, J. P., Kohfeld, K. E., Bailey, J., & Lertzman, K. (2016). Observations of climate change among subsistence-oriented communities around the world. Nature Climate Change, 6(5), 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2958
Sedai, A. K., Mudenda, L. D., & Miller, R. (2022). Persistent Agricultural Shocks and Child Poverty: Evidence from Ethiopia. Australian National University. https://hdl.handle.net/1885/733746404
Shah, M., & Steinberg, B. M. (2017). Drought of Opportunities: Contemporaneous and Long-Term Impacts of Rainfall Shocks on Human Capital. Journal of Political Economy, 125(2), 527–561. https://doi.org/10.1086/690828
Shi, J., & Sercombe, P. (2020). Poverty and Inequality in Rural Education: Evidence from China. Education as Change, 24. https://doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/4965
Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2010). SAGE Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335193
Terefe, A. T., Aredo, M. K., Workagegnehu, A. M., & Tesfaye, W. M. (2024). Effect of climate shocks on rural household welfare dynamics in Ethiopia: Evidence from panel data. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 10(1), 2356936. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2024.2356936
Thomas, T. (2019). Climate Change Impacts on Crop Yields in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI).
Tilumanywa, V. T. (2021). Improving Agricultural Support Services for Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation to Climate Variability in Rungwe District in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Development Studies, 19(2), 123–148. https://doi.org/10.56279//AYIP5291
Vassiloudis, I. (2026). Intergenerational learning for the environment and the sustainability: A systematic literature review. Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 22(1), e2602. https://doi.org/10.29333/ijese/17500
Waqas, M., Naseem, A., Humphries, U. W., Hlaing, P. T., Shoaib, M., & Hashim, S. (2025). A comprehensive review of the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Thailand. Farming System, 3(1), 100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100114
Yang, S., Zou, K., Lei, T., Ni, Z., & Yang, J. (2022). Climate Change and Farmers’ Household Financial Vulnerability: Evidence From China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 908428. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.908428
Zimmermann, L. (2020). Remember when it rained – Schooling responses to shocks in India. World Development, 126, 104705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104705