VOCATIONAL SCHOOL ENTREPRENEURSHIP COMPETENCE: DO INTELLECTUAL SKILL, SCHOOL GRADE, AND LEARNING ENVIRONMENT MATTER?
Main Article Content
Abstract
Vocational High Schools (SMK) have an important role in preparing human resources to face the challenges of the world of work. Data in the field shows that unemployment of vocational school graduates continues to increase, so entrepreneurial competence as a solution to overcome unemployment among vocational school graduates must be considered. This research aims to examine the factors that influence entrepreneurial competence in vocational school students, namely intellectual skills, academic values, and learning environment. Data was collected through an online survey involving 250 vocational school students in Central Java Province. The research instrument was adapted from existing economic and entrepreneurship literacy tests. Data were analyzed using the Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CBSEM) method. The research results found that school rankings had a significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial competence in vocational schools and were related to the learning environment and students' intellectual abilities. This study recommends learning strategies that integrate academic values, intellectual skills, and the learning environment to produce graduates who are ready for the world of work, able to create independent business opportunities, and contribute to the local economy.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Adamec, P., & Marinič, P. (2024). Entrepreneurial Competences Development of University Students in the Czech Republic. Proceedings of the European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ECIE, 19(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecie.19.1.2561
Ahmed, T., Klobas, J. E., Chandran, V. G. R., Akhtar, M. W., & Sergi, B. S. (2025). How perceived contextual barriers for entrepreneurship reduce entrepreneurial intentions: a TPB study. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-01047-4
Akhmetshin, E. M. (2019). The influence of educational environment on the development of entrepreneurial skills and competencies in students. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22.
Aldana-Rivera, E. E. (2019). Pedagogical practice of entrepreneurship in higher education teachers in university educational institution of Barranquilla. Archivos Venezolanos de Farmacologia y Terapeutica, 38(2), 9–18.
Alqahtani, M. M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship education: A paradigm in Qatari higher education institutions after covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 7(2), 695–706. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2023.3.002
Alvarado, Ó. (2019). Pedagogical pathway for entrepreneurship in Higher Education. Espacios, 40(39).
Álvarez-Álvarez, S. (2024). Employability and entrepreneurship in the training of translators and interpreters: A proposal to develop the entrepreneurial skills of translation and interpreting graduates. Cadernos de Traducao, 44(Special Issue 1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2024.e95240
Alvarez-Icaza, I. (2024). Adaptive Evaluation for Barriers Elimination: The OpenEDR4C Platform. In 2024 12th International Conference on Information and Education Technology, ICIET 2024 (pp. 429–433). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIET60671.2024.10542786
Arshad, Z., Madaleno, M., Lillebø, A. I., & Vieira, H. (2025). Decoding sustainable growth: The role of digital technology and entrepreneurship in carbon reduction. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2024.100094
Baruah, B. (2019). On-line business simulation platforms for teaching entrepreneurship to engineering students in Higher Education. In 29th Annual Conference of the European Association for Education in Electrical and Information Engineering, EAEEIE 2019 - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/EAEEIE46886.2019.9000424
Baruah, B. (2021). An effective game-based business simulation tool for enhancing entrepreneurial skills among engineering students. In 2021 19th International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, ITHET 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITHET50392.2021.9759800
Bouncken, R. B., Lapidus, A., & Qui, Y. (2022). Organizational sustainability identity: ‘New Work’ of home offices and coworking spaces as facilitators. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2022.100011
Brakaj, E. P. (2024). Navigating Entrepreneurial Horizons: Students Perspectives Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Competences in Teaching Context. Education Sciences, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050486
Brandshaug, S. W. (2024). Transformation in the liminal space ‘in between’ student and entrepreneur. International Journal of Management Education, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2024.100962
Cárdenas-Gutiérrez, A. R., Domínguez-Quintero, A. M., & Bernal-Guerrero, A. (2023). Assessment of Entrepreneurial Potential in the Training of a New Generation of Change Agents in Spain. Social Sciences, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12120680
Çelik, Ö. C., & Taşpınar, M. (2024). Preparing pre-service primary teachers to facilitate students’ key competences for lifelong learning. Issues in Educational Research, 34(3), 848–870. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85205228839&partnerID=40&md5=88d3a0e52bbea37dd227780ffe1c4834
Chang, M. M. T. (2023). Multidisciplinary education, enterpreneurship are fundamental at Stanford University. Photonics Spectra, 41(9), 46–47. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-34948884033&partnerID=40&md5=3aac555d62feb6676791b7ee2456f15f
Chastanti, I., Layyinnati, I., Srimulat, F. E., Fiqri, C. I., Syafriyeti, R., Afriani, D. T., Ernawati, E., & Jannah, N. (2017). Inovasi Pembelajarana dan Pendidikan Teknologi untuk Peningkatan Kualitas Pendidikan. In Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 6(11), 951–952. http://repo.iain-tulungagung.ac.id/5510/5/BAB 2.pdf
Chauhan, S., Chauhan, K., Singh, S., Mahlawat, S., Kumar, V., & Singh, S. (2024). Analyzing family support mediating role between motivational factors and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions: A study on university students. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2024.100076
Dandridge, T. C., & Flynn, D. M. (2022). Entrepreneurship: Environmental forces which are creating opportunities in china. International Small Business Journal, 6(3), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/026624268800600303
Dias, M. F., Alves, C., & Amorim, M. (2024). Board Games and Entrepreneurial Skills Acquisition: A Mixed-Methods Study on the Efficacy of the EntreComp Framework in Higher Education. Proceedings of the European Conference on Games-Based Learning, 18(1), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecgbl.18.1.2666
Dilova, N., Kosimova, M., Raxmanova, V., Hotamova, M., & Kuldosheva, N. (2024). The methodological principles for developing environmental education in the republic of Uzbekistan. E3S Web of Conferences, 538. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453805001
Feijóo-Quintas, S., Gerbaudo-González, N., Gandoy-Crego, M., Gutiérrez-Moar, M. D. C., Costa, E., & Facal, D. (2024). Higher Education Institutions as Strategic Centers for Promoting Social Innovation in Gerontology: Insights from the Senior Innovation Lab Training Initiative. Geriatrics (Switzerland), 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9030076
Fredholm, S., Krejcarek, J., Krumholz, S., Linguist, D., Munson, S., Schiffman, S., & Bourne, J. (2020). Designing an engineering entrepreneurship curriculum for Olin college. ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, 1343–1355. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-8744291040&partnerID=40&md5=9c4a820266213d728f185f8d4df194e0
Gangadhara, H., & Kumar, J. P. S. (2024). “Integrated model perspective of capital theory, TPB and SCCT towards determines business students’’ digital entrepreneurial intention in developing country context”.” Journal of High Technology Management Research, 35(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hitech.2024.100519
García-Hurtado, D., Devece, C., Hoffmann, V. E., & Camargo-Vera, C. (2024). On entrepreneurial and ambidextrous universities. Comparative study in Ibero-American Higher Education Institutions. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2024.100077
García-Tudela, P. A., Gutiérrez-Porlán, I., & Serrano, J. L. (2024). Digital entrepreneurship competence: training needs of future professionals. Revista Fuentes, 26(3), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.12795/revistafuentes.2024.25261
Gil-Doménech, D., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., & Manresa, A. (2024). Bridging the Gap: Developing Entrepreneurial Competences in Engineering Studies. International Conference on Higher Education Advances, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd24.2024.17230
Glasserman-Morales, L. D., Alcantar-Nieblas, C., & Nava-Lara, S. (2024). The social innovation profile in students as a transformation strategy: structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1336576
Guerola-Navarro, V., Stratu-Strelet, D., Botella-Carrubi, D., & Gil-Gomez, H. (2023). Media or information literacy as variables for citizen participation in public decision-making? A bibliometric overview. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2022.100030
Hammoda, B. (2025). Extracurricular Activities for Entrepreneurial Learning: A Typology Based on Learning Theories. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 8(1), 142–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/25151274231218212
Henry, C., Wu, W., Moberg, K., Singer, S., Gabriel, B., Valente, R., Carlos, C., & Fannin, N. (2024). Exploring inclusivity in entrepreneurship education provision: A European study. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2024.e00494
Heriyati, P., Sugiyanto, L. B., & Ginting, N. (2023). Project-based implementation: Case of computer service business at vocational high school. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2798(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0154281
Ignacio, G. P., Pilar, C. G. M., & Enrique, T. M. (2024). Impact of the sense of initiative and entrepreneurship competence on the entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20(4), 2515–2539. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-023-00909-7
Jervan, G., Ellervee, P., & Kruus, M. (2021). Innovation and entrepreneurship in the computer systems curricula and Nordic Master School in Innovative ICT. 2011 Proceedings of the 22nd EAEEIE Annual Conference, EAEEIE 2011. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84859018385&partnerID=40&md5=17cf6ca6e18ffb95ca3985392e312c4b
Juárez-Varón, D., & Monreal, E. G. (2025). Market-oriented entrepreneurship and the impact of social media and crowdsourcing on continuous organizational learning. An empirical study. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2024.100088
Kakouris, A., Tampouri, S., Kaliris, A., Mastrokoukou, S., & Georgopoulos, N. (2024). Entrepreneurship as a Career Option within Education: A Critical Review of Psychological Constructs. Education Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14010046
Kim, O. D. T. (2019). Organizing experiential learning activities for development of core competences of technical students in Vietnam. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 230–238. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.070129
Kiri, L. (2024). Key Competencies and Examples of their Development in Humanities Subjects in Albanian Pre-University Education. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 14(5), 250–259. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2024-0136
Klemenčič, E. (2022). Science Education in Slovenia. In Lecture Notes in Educational Technology (pp. 471–485). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6955-2_28
Knox, S. (2022). Fostering student engagement in virtual entrepreneurship education environments. International Journal of Management Education, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100705
Kusdiyanti, H. (2020). Web enhanced course-based virtual reality as an interactive molta model implementation for entrepreneurship learning. In ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. https://doi.org/10.1145/3452144.3452193
Lazarte-Aguirre, A. (2024). Pathways to sustainable entrepreneurship: Analysing drivers of sustainable entrepreneurial orientation. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2024.100081
Lechuga-Jimenez, C., Barroso, M.-B., Alastor, E., & Tójar-Hurtado, J.-C. (2024). Promoting social and blue entrepreneurship and sustainability skills in higher education by transversal competencies. Cogent Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2309412
Liu, L., & Kang, C. (2024). Innovative and entrepreneurial characteristics of university students based on logistic regression model. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2023.2.01011
Liu, M. (2023). How entrepreneurship programs foster students’ study engagement and entrepreneurship competence: Insights from job demands-resources theory. International Journal of Management Education, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100890
López Requena, E. (2023). EDUCATE IN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS. ANALYSIS OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA. CIRIEC-Espana, Revista Juridica de Economia Social y Cooperativa, 2023(44), 219–254. https://doi.org/10.7203/CIRIEC-JUR.44.27147
Maidment, F. (2023). Enterpreneurship/small business degree programs at community colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 31(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668920500441762
Mariyono, D. (2024). Multicultural values: meeting point of two forces in developing Islamic education. Quality Education for All, 1(1), 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1108/QEA-02-2024-0018
Martí, J. V, Calabuig, R. C., & Palacín, A. F. (2021). MSchools programme. A new way of teaching and learning. Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning, IMCL 2015, 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMCTL.2015.7359572
Mas, S. R. (2024). The implementation of the school principal’s entrepreneurship competence in the management of educational hotel (Edotel) In Smkn 3 Malang, Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research, 12(4), 1331–1342. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84947733737&partnerID=40&md5=f907f21f721789c7a7fb678236c1631f
Monteagudo, N. C., Camacho Rodríguez, D. E., Gonzales Carhuajulca, D. B., Leyva Moral, J. M., & Martínez, O. N. (2025). Defining nursing entrepreneurship from the point of view of future professionals: A qualitative study. Nurse Education Today, 144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106421
Morselli, D. (2024). To assess or not to assess an entrepreneurship competence in vocational education and training? Results from a case study of Italy. Education and Training, 66(10), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-06-2023-0242
Moscoso, B. E., & Guerra, M. A. (2024). WIP: Developing Collaborative Entrepreneurship Competencies for Technical Majors. ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Conference Proceedings. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85202074326&partnerID=40&md5=2d0a1c7b3229df4aa1900cd54d4c8ce5
Muñoz, C. A. (2020). The potential impact of entrepreneurship education on doctoral students within the non-commercial research environment in Chile. Studies in Higher Education, 45(3), 492–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1597036
Nagai, W. A. (2019). Peer and team assessment: Strategies and applications in engineering courses. In International Symposium on Project Approaches in Engineering Education (Vol. 9, pp. 76–83).
Ndejjo, R. (2022). Positioning Africa’s public health doctoral students to lead societal transformation and development. In BMJ Global Health (Vol. 7, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007996
Neergård, G.-B., & Roald, G. M. (2025). Competent to teach? Educators’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2023-0712
Nevalainen, T. (2021). Team learning as a model for facilitating entrepreneurial competences in higher education: The case of proakatemia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137373
Nobanee, H., El Hadi El Maknouzi, M., Sadok, H., & Alodat, A. Y. (2024). Analysis of insurance entrepreneurship as a hedge in times of crisis: a literature review. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2023.100065
Oliver, P. G. (2022). Innovative online learning in entrepreneurship education: The impact of embedding real-life industry practice in the virtual learning environment. Industry and Higher Education, 36(6), 756–767. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222221121283
Otiniano León, M. Y., Ballesteros, M. A. A., Ramos Farroñán, E. V, Lezama, M. T. F., & Silva, J. M. D. (2024). Sustainable Entrepreneurship: Key Competencies Determining Entrepreneurial Intention in Peruvian Secondary Students. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16209105
Ovcharuk, O. (2020). The use of digital learning tools in the teachers’ professional activities to ensure sustainable development and democratization of education in European countries. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 166). https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016610019
Paiva, T. (2024). An education model to empower women in tech entrepreneurship. Frontiers in Education, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1474584
Petegem, W. van. (2020). Enriching learning experiences for students to enhance their engineering competences across cultures and nations. In SEFI 47th Annual Conference: Varietas Delectat... Complexity is the New Normality, Proceedings (pp. 1243–1250).
Porkodi, S. (2023a). Assessing the Impact of Collaborative Learning Practices on Competency Development in Entrepreneurship Program: A Study of Higher Education Students in Delhi NCR Region of India. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 22(5). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219649223500211
Porkodi, S. (2023b). Empirical study on the role of passion, individual differences, and innovativeness between entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions and entrepreneurial intention: A moderated mediating model. Review of Education, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3412
Quintano-Méndez, F., Riquelme-Segura, L., Morales-Pizarro, J., Balmaceda-Gallardo, I., & Manríquez-Bravo, G. (2025). Entrepreneurial profile among Chilean higher education students. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Ninez y Juventud, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.11600/rlcsnj.22.3.5407
Ramirez-Montoya, M. S. (2020). Emerging technologies for the proposal and design of a MOOC on social entrepreneurship. In IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON (Vol. 2020, pp. 1343–1346). https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON45650.2020.9125194
Romero-García, C., & Suárez-Ortega, M. (2024). The development of entrepreneurial skills through professional guidance action at university. Bordon. Revista de Pedagogia, 76(3), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.13042/Bordon.2024.101120
Romero-Rodríguez, J. M. (2023). Collaborative online international learning between Spain and Mexico: a microlearning experience to enhance creativity in complexity. Education and Training, 65(2), 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2022-0259
Sapna, S., Jayadevan, S. N., & Mallaiah, M. R. (2023). The role of legal aid clinics in enhancing the employability, entrepreneurship and foundation skills for law students: A qualitative analysis. In Models for Social Responsibility Action by Higher Education Institutions (pp. 205–223). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183083696&partnerID=40&md5=4bff60d354652ddf9314ea96116738e3
Satar, D. M. S., Alarifi, G., & Alhawsawi, M. S. (2025). Digitalization and non-profits: Competency requirements in non-profit sector of Saudi Arabia. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2024.100083
Siddamal, S. V. (2021). Project-Based Learning to Enhance Employability and Entrepreneurship: A Collaborative Approach. In Proceedings of 2021 World Engineering Education Forum/Global Engineering Deans Council, WEEF/GEDC 2021 (pp. 381–386). https://doi.org/10.1109/WEEF/GEDC53299.2021.9657305
Soltanifar, M. (2022). Corporate Entrepreneurship Education as the Forgotten Stepchild: Revisiting Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for CE. In Futurology in Education and Learning (pp. 103–143). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789811268878_0007
Stenholm, P. (2021). Unintentional teaching of entrepreneurial competences. Industry and Higher Education, 35(4), 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211018068
Støckert, R. (2020). Student active learning in a two campus organisation. In eLearning and Software for Education Conference (pp. 612–620). https://doi.org/10.12753/2066-026X-20-080
Suharnomo. (2021). Development Of An Entrepreneurship Model To Produce Young Entrepreneurs. Journal of Management Information and Decision Sciences, 24, 1–15.
Susnea, I. (2024). Digital Environments for Open-Access Entrepreneurship Education. In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (Vol. 911, pp. 102–113). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53382-2_10
Thaanyane, M., & Jita, T. (2024). Toward Using Technology for Instructional Purposes in Lesotho. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(4), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i4.3532
Turner, F. (2022). University of Washington Engineered Biomaterials (UWEB) education and outreach. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 28(SUPPL. 1), S-19. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-0034504275&partnerID=40&md5=91fed7e75f5dcd8ec127e5be61b28823
Van Ewijk, A. R. (2024). You say you can, but can you? The impact of entrepreneurship education on unwarranted and gendered entrepreneurial self-efficacy - a calibration study. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-08-2023-0803
Villena-Martínez, E. I., Rienda-Gómez, J. J., Sutil-Martín, D. L., & García-Muiña, F. E. (2024). Psychometric properties and factor structure of a motivation scale for higher education students to graduate and stimulate their entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 20(3), 1879–1906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-024-00948-8
Voronina, R. N. (2022). Organizational and Pedagogical Modeling of Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Education: Psychological Aspect. Vysshee Obrazovanie v Rossii, 31(11), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2022-31-11-141-154
Whewell, E. (2022). Changemakers as digital makers: Connecting and co-creating. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6691–6713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10892-1
Yoon, I.-J. (2022). The growth of Korean immigrant entrepreneurship in Chicago. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 18(2), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1995.9993865
Zaleskiene, I., & Zadiekaite, L. (2020). Attitudes of teachers towards assumptions of enterpreneurship education. Pedagogika, 89, 99–106. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-45149130907&partnerID=40&md5=ea754d71771cbe0c21cc66c6c4dbd036
Zinecker, M., Pěnčík, J., Kocmanová, A., Meluzín, T., Balcerzak, A. P., & Pietrzak, M. B. (2024). Exploring The Approaches Towards Support Of Academic Entrepreneurship: Evidence From An Emerging Market. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 30(6), 1890–1919. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.22778
Zuazua Ruiz, A., Martín Martín, J. M., & Prados-Castillo, J. F. (2023). The European Union facing climate change: a window of opportunity for technological development and entrepreneurship. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stae.2022.100035