ENTREPRENEURIAL PERSPECTIVE IN ONLINE EDUCATION: EXAMINING MARKETING TECHNIQUES AND SELECTION CHOICES IN INFORMAL LEARNING THROUGHOUT THE PANDEMIC
Main Article Content
Abstract
The rise of the COVID-19 pandemic curtailed outdoor activities, education included. Nevertheless, a significant number of parents chose to enroll their children in non-formal education settings. This research explored the elements that impact parental preferences when selecting non-formal education amid the health crisis. A quantitative methodology was utilized to investigate the relationship between marketing tactics and parental selections. Information was gathered from 81 parents who had received promotional material from a non-formal educational institution in Surabaya, with a total of 51 parents chosen for detailed examination. Data was acquired through surveys, and SPSS was utilized for data analysis. The findings indicated that strategies involving word-of-mouth and digital learning programs played a significant role in shaping parental decisions, both as standalone factors and combined. Despite the advancements of the digital age, traditional word-of-mouth continues to hold importance, given that kids rely heavily on their parents' choices. The innovation of this study lies in the combination of traditional marketing practices and digital learning to better support the selection of non-formal education. The results offer valuable guidance for administrators at non-formal schools to enhance their marketing approaches and elevate parental contentment.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abdelrahman, N., & Irby, B. J. (2016). Hybrid learning: Perspectives of higher education faculty. In Blended Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (Vol. 4, pp. 1–28). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0783-3.ch001
Agarwal, S., & Kaushik, J. S. (2020). Student’s Perception of Online Learning During COVID Pandemic. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 87(7), 554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03327-7
Agyekum, P. K., Kumar, K. M. S., & Asunka, S. (2022). Evaluating Higher Education Curriculum Framework and Inhibitions for Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 22(13), 86–101. https://doi.org/10.33423/JHETP.V22I13.5509
Alnaser, A. A., Binabid, J., & Sepasgozar, S. M. E. (2024). Transforming Architectural Programs to Meet Industry 4.0 Demands: SWOT Analysis and Insights for Achieving Saudi Arabia’s Strategic Vision. Buildings, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14124005
Amyot, D. (2020). Preparing Canadians for the Changing World of Work. In Lecture Notes in Educational Technology (pp. 109–117). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3142-2_10
Areed, S., Salloum, S. A., & Shaalan, K. (2021). The Role of Knowledge Management Processes for Enhancing and Supporting Innovative Organizations: A Systematic Review. In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control (Vol. 295, pp. 143–161). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47411-9_8
Bączek, M., Zagańczyk-Bączek, M., Szpringer, M., Jaroszyński, A., & Wożakowska−Kapłon, B. (2021). Students’ Perception of Online Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicine, 100(7), e24821. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000024821
Balasi, A., Iordanidis, G., & Tsakiridou, E. (2023). Entrepreneurial leadership behaviour of primary school principals across Europe: a comparative study. International Journal of Educational Management, 37(5), 1067–1087. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-04-2023-0208
Bast, J. L., & Walberg, H. J. (2004). Can parents choose the best schools for their children? Economics of Education Review, 23(4), 431–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2003.08.003
Bernal-Cárdenas, C. Y., Céspedes-Cuevas, V. M., & Rojas-Reyes, J. (2024). Cognitive predictors and decision-making in the experience of coronary syndrome symptoms. Enfermeria Intensiva, 35(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfi.2023.06.004
Beuckels, E., & De Wolf, R. (2024). Social media influencers as new agents on parenthood? A systematic literature review of parent influencer research and a future research agenda. Information Communication and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2024.2334913
Beuckels, E., Hudders, L., Vanwesenbeeck, I., & Van den Abeele, E. (2023). Work it baby! A survey study to investigate the role of underaged children and privacy management strategies within parent influencer content. New Media and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231218992
Beuermann, D., Jackson, C. K., Navarro-Sola, L., & Pardo, F. M. V. (2022). What Is a Good School, and Can Parents Tell? Evidence on the Multidimensionality of School Output. The Review of Economic Studies, 90(1), 65–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdac025
Boubker, O., & Naoui, K. (2022). Factors affecting airline brand love, passengers’ loyalty, and positive word-of-mouth. A case study of Royal Air Maroc. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(2), 1388–1400. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.05.006
Buchholz, S. W. (2021). Quantitative designs for practice scholarship. In Research for Advanced Practice Nurses, Fourth Edition: From Evidence to Practice (pp. 143–172). https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826151339.0009
Budiati, Y., Untoro, W., Wahyudi, L., & Harsono, M. (2022). The mediating effect of strategy on entrepreneurial orientation and performance. Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 24(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRME-05-2020-0048
Chandler, G. N., McLeod, M. S., Broberg, J. C., McKelvie, A., & DeTienne, D. R. (2024). Customer engagement patterns and new venture outcomes. Small Business Economics, 63(3), 1117–1138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00843-6
Cownie, F. (2020). How commitment influences students’ conversations about higher education. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(10), 1401–1418. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1690641
Cuesta-Valiño, P., Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, P., & García-Henche, B. (2022). Word of mouth and digitalization in small retailers: Tradition, authenticity, and change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 175(August 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121382
Cyron, T., Garz, M., & Steigenberger, N. (2024). Beware the community type: engagement and growth in core vs. open online communities. Small Business Economics, 62(4), 1383–1407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00821-y
Daugherty, T., & Hoffman, E. (2014). eWOM and the importance of capturing consumer attention within social media. Journal of Marketing Communications, 20(1–2), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2013.797764
de la Llave, M. Á., López, F. A., & Angulo, A. (2019). The impact of geographical factors on churn prediction: an application to an insurance company in Madrid’s urban area. Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, 2019(3), 188–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/03461238.2018.1531781
Dewantara, D. (2014). The strength of online social networking for capturing alumni with volunteerism and giving behavior. Recent Trends in Social and Behaviour Sciences - Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Sciences 2013, ICIBSoS 2013, 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16658-52
Djone, R. R., & Suryani, A. (2019). Child workers and inclusive education in Indonesia. International Education Journal, 18(1), 48–65. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85065576105&partnerID=40&md5=8953b13e8b9bd4994fb5ba79dc8f8472
Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2020). Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review, 118(September), 105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440
Ene, S., & Özkaya, B. (2014). A study on corporate image, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty in the context of retail stores. Asian Social Science, 10(14), 52–66. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n14p52
Fauk, N. K., Dent, E., Asa, G. A., & Ward, P. R. (2022). Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on the Activity and Mental Health of Older People in Indonesia: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013115
Fernandes, J., Martins, J., Teixeira, M. S., Branco, F., Gonçalves, R., Au-Yong-Oliveira, M., & Moreira, F. (2018). Incorporating innovative ICT in child-oriented marketing - A retail sector case study. Proceedings of the European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ECIE, 2018-September, 1006–1014. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85055416287&partnerID=40&md5=d09651e6c493961ac2a8fb6f8ed9ad57
Ghannad, N., & Sörensson, A. (2025). Entrepreneurial education in a pandemic era: Timeframes, demographics, and the nexus between teaching and experiential learning. Industry and Higher Education, 39(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222241249898
Giatman, M., Siswati, S., & Basri, I. Y. (2020). Online Learning Quality Control in the Pandemic Covid-19 Era in Indonesia. Journal of Nonformal Education, 6(2), 168–175.
Gómez Sierra, C. J. (2020). Impact through digital marketing tools in social networks and web analytics in higher education institutions. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 844(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/844/1/012050
Hattab, H. W. (2021). An empirical investigation of online entrepreneurship education, application on university students in egypt. Proceedings of the European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ECIE, 431–439. https://doi.org/10.34190/EIE.21.175
Ho, C. S. M., & Man, T. W. Y. (2022). The conditions of opportunity recognition in schools: an investigation of how entrepreneurial teachers discover new educational opportunities. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 7(2), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-04-2021-0022
Hoang, G., Le, T. T. T., Tran, A. K. T., & Du, T. (2020). Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in Vietnam: The Mediating Roles of Self-Efficacy and Learning Orientation. Education + Training, 63(1), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1108/et-05-2020-0142
Hou, Y., Chen, S., & Lin, X. (2024). Parental digital involvement in online learning: Addressing the digital divide, not redressing digital reproduction. European Journal of Education, 59(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12635
Imperatori, B., & Ruta, D. (2013). The integration of online face-to-face social networking: The need for managerial reconfiguration. Advanced Series in Management, 12, 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1877-6361(2013)0000012013
Imron, A. (2023). The Implementation of Merdeka Curriculum in Piloting Madrasa; a Case Study at State Madrasah Ibtidaiyah of Semarang City. Al Ibtida Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Mi, 10(2), 326. https://doi.org/10.24235/al.ibtida.snj.v10i2.14749
Ismail, I. J. (2024). A perceived usefulness of entrepreneurship education as a marketing model for students’ choice of universities: Does the electronic word of mouth matter? International Journal of Educational Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-03-2023-0098
Ismail, S. N., Muhammad, S., Kanesan, A. G., & Ali, R. M. (2019). The influence of teachers’ perception and readiness towards the implementation of Critical Thinking Skills (CTS) practice in mathematics. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12222a
Išoraitė, M. (2022). Consumer Buying Decision Making Models in Terms of Covid 19. Iar Journal of Business Management, 3(01), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.47310/iarjbm.2022.v03i01.002
Jamaluddin, A. S. (2023). Students’ Reflections Toward Online Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of a Private Institution in Malaysia. Journal of Education and Literacy Studies (Jels), 2(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.37698/jels.v2i1.195
Jurgelevičius, A., & Raišienė, A. G. (2024). Key Factors for Student Startup Success: Insights from Higher Education Professors. Proceedings of the European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship, ECIE, 19(1), 280–289. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecie.19.1.2580
Kailanto, M., Silius, K., Tervakari, A.-M., Marttila, J., Tebest, T., & Huhtamaki, J. (2012). Alumni stories and students’ commitment to studies. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, EDUCON. https://doi.org/10.1109/EDUCON.2012.6201166
Katjiteo, A. (2024). Education and entrepreneurship: Cultivating innovators for tomorrow’s economy. In Entrepreneurship Innovation and Education for Performance Improvement (pp. 376–414). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7903-5.ch016
Katla, S. N., Korivi, N., & Manikandan, V. M. (2023). A Sentiment Analysis-based Intelligent System for Summarizing the Feedback of Educational Institutions. 2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies, ICCCNT 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCNT56998.2023.10306738
Kenworthy, L., Epstein, J., & Duerr, D. (2011). Generous Social Policy Reduces Material Deprivation. In Progress for the Poor. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591527.003.0004
Khong, M. L., & Tanner, J. A. (2024). Surface and deep learning: a blended learning approach in preclinical years of medical school. BMC Medical Education, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05963-5
Kong, X., Zhang, A., Xiao, X., Das, S., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Work from home in the post-COVID world. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 10(2), 1118–1131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.04.002
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2009). Manajemen Pemasaran. Erlangga.
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2013). Manajemen Pemasaran Second Edition. In Jakarta: Erlangga. Erlangga.
Kupriyanova, L. M. (2019). Quality of Products: Problems and Solutions. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 19(6), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.34257/gjmbrbvol19is6pg1
Laurillard, D. (2024). THE ROLE OF GOVERNANCE IN OPENING UP DIGITAL INNOVATION IN TEACHING AND LEARNING. In The Routledge Handbook of Global and Digital Governance Crossroads: Stakeholder Engagement and Democratization (pp. 183–203). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003316077-16
Lee, W.-I., Cheng, S.-Y., & Shih, Y.-T. (2017). Effects among product attributes, involvement, word-of-mouth, and purchase intention in online shopping. Asia-Pacific Management Review, 22, 223–229.
Lee, W.-L., Liu, C.-H., & Tseng, T.-W. (2022). The multiple effects of service innovation and quality on transitional and electronic word-of-mouth in predicting customer behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 64, 102791. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102791
Lupiyoadi, R. (2018). Manajemen Pemasaran Jasa: Berbasis Kompetensi. Universitas Indonesia Logo Home Profiles Research Units Research output Equipment Projects Activities Press.
Mangus, S. M., Jones, E., Folse, J. A. G., & Sridhar, S. (2020). The Interplay Between Business and Personal Trust on Relationship Performance in Conditions of Market Turbulence. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(6), 1138–1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-020-00722-6
Matthews, T., Feng, J. H., Zheng, Y., & Chen, Z. (2018). MyStudentScope: A Web Portal for Parental Management of Their Children’s Educational Information. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), 10905 LNCS, 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92046-7_10
Meng, Z., Xiong, X., & Zang, Y. (2021). A Practical Study of Information Technology-Driven Teaching Reform of Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Higher Education -Take Guangxi Normal University as an Example. 29th International Conference on Computers in Education Conference, ICCE 2021 - Proceedings, 2, 45–51. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85122959698&partnerID=40&md5=0c202a749e5dd87a28faa2d12ac79b74
Muhammad, S. A. (2022). Influence of Family, Peers, and Media on Children’s Participation in the Family Buying Process. Review of Education Administration and Law, 5(3), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.47067/real.v5i3.278
Omari, R., Ruivenkamp, G. T. P., & Tetteh, E. K. (2017). Consumers’ trust in government institutions and their perception and concern about safety and healthiness of fast food. Journal of Trust Research, 7(2), 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2017.1289099
Pandurangan, N., & Arumugam, V. (2024). Personality traits, glass ceiling beliefs and their impact on the career decision-making self-efficacy of women advocates. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024092
Pattnaik, S., Mishra, U. S., & Mahapatra, J. (2019). Moderating role of perceived brand image in service supply chain of telecommunication sector. Espacios, 40(35). https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85078681982&partnerID=40&md5=561e100876e0aff8eb147c28c28edeff
Pavičić, J., Alfirević, N., Vlašić, G., Krupka, Z., & Miočić, B. K. (2016). School principals, environments and stakeholders: The blessings and heresies of market organization. In School Effectiveness and Educational Management: Towards a South-Eastern Europe Research and Public Policy Agenda (pp. 27–48). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29880-1_3
Penrod, D., Shaw, T., Nash, J., Dierkes, M., & Collins, S. (2022). Community college students’ perspectives on online learning during COVID-19 and factors related to success. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 000, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2022.01.012
Priyanto, A. C. (2016). Pengaruh Kualitas Produk Dan Kualitas Layanan Terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan Pada Usaha Isi Ulang Air Minum UD. Elangku Di Desa Bangunrejo Tenggarong Seberang. Sumber, 5(19.872), 282.
Propheto, A., Kartini, S. D., & Oesman, Y. M. (2020). Marketing Performance as Implication of Brand Image Mediated by Trust. Management Science Letters, 741–746. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.10.023
Rek, M. (2023). Parent empowerment can change media education. Politics in Central Europe, 19(s1), 441–453. https://doi.org/10.2478/pce-2023-0021
Rezende, G. A., Mariano, A. M., Santos, M. R., & Coelho Constatin, A. C. (2024). Modeling Customer Satisfaction in the Food Industry: Insights from a Structural Equation Approach. Procedia Computer Science, 242, 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.08.250
Riza, F. (2023). The Influence of Relationship Marketing on Loyalty With Mediation of Customer Trust at PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) TBK Krian Branch Office. Dinasti International Journal of Economics Finance & Accounting, 4(2), 220–236. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v4i2.1737
Rooney-Varga, J. N., Kapmeier, F., Henderson, C., & Ford, D. N. (2024). Community-based propagation to scale up educational innovations in sustainability. Nature Sustainability, 7(12), 1740–1750. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-024-01446-z
Rose, K. K., Vittrup, B., & Leveridge, T. (2013). Parental Decision Making About Technology and Quality in Child Care Programs. Child and Youth Care Forum, 42(5), 475–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-013-9214-1
Sahni, S. K. (2023). Re-envision of Learning by Integrating Technology in Higher Education. In Innovation, Leadership and Governance in Higher Education: Perspectives on the Covid-19 Recovery Strategies (pp. 139–157). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7299-7_8
Samson, R., Mehta, M., & Chandani, A. (2014). Impact of online digital communication on customer buying decision. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11, 872–880.
Saoula, O., Shamim, A., Ahmad, M., & Abid, M. F. (2023). Do Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Entrepreneurial Motivation, and Family Support Enhance Entrepreneurial Intention? The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Education. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 20–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-06-2022-0055
Sari, R. D. K., & Sri, R. T. A. (2012). Analisis Pengaruh Kualitas Produk, Persepsi Harga, Dan Word Of Mouth Communication Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Mebel Pada CV. Mega Jaya Mebel Semarang. Fakultas Ekonomika dan Bisnis.
Schou, P. K., & Adarkwah, G. K. (2024). Digital communities of inquiry: How online communities support entrepreneurial opportunity development. Journal of Small Business Management, 62(5), 2364–2395. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2023.2236177
Septiani, M. (2018). Peran Mediasi Keputusan Pembelian Pada Pengaruh Harga, Kualitas Produk, Kualitas Pelayanan, dan Testimoni terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen. Universitas Sanata Dharma. Universitas Sanata Dharma.
She, L., Ma, L., Jan, A., Nia, H. S., & Rahmatpour, P. (2021). Online Learning Satisfaction During COVID-19 Pandemic Among Chinese University Students: The Serial Mediation Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.743936
Singh, A. (2017). Unforgettable Rensis Likert.
Sohaib, O. (2021). Social Networking Services and Social Trust in Social Commerce. Journal of Global Information Management, 29(2), 23–44. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2021030102
Su, L., Kirilenko, A., & Stepchenkova, S. (2024). Compete or Avoid? Assessing Brand Competition Strategies with Spatial Colocation Analysis. Tourism and Hospitality, 5(1), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp5010011
Supriati, R., Dewi, E. R., Triyono, T., Supriyanti, D., & Azizah, N. (2022). Implementation Framework for Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) in Higher Education Academic Activities. Iaic Transactions on Sustainable Digital Innovation (Itsdi), 3(2), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.34306/itsdi.v3i2.555
Suryahadi, A., Al Izzati, R., & Suryadarma, D. (2020). Estimating the Impact of Covid-19 on Poverty in Indonesia*. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 175–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1779390
Tajeddini, K., Gamage, T. C., Tajdini, J., Qalati, S. A., & Siddiqui, F. (2023). Achieving sustained competitive advantage in retail and consumer service firms: The role of entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial bricolage. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103495
Tan, X. (2023). Shared Decision‐making in the Treatment of Adolescents Diagnosed With Depression: A Cross‐sectional Survey of Mental Health Professionals in China. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 31(3), 340–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12990
Tao, J., & Xu, Y. (2022). Parental support for young learners’ online learning of English in a Chinese primary school. System, 105, 102718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102718
Tjiptono, F., & Chandra, G. (2020). Pemasaran strategik.
Ukanwa, K., Jones, A. C., & Turner, B. L. (2022). School Choice Increases Racial Segregation Even When Parents Do Not Care About Race. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(35). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2117979119
Vecchiarini, M., Muldoon, J., Smith, D., & Boling, R. J. (2024). Experiential Learning in an Online Setting: How Entrepreneurship Education Changed During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 7(2), 190–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/25151274231179194
Virk, N., & Gambhir, J. (2024). The role of education in fostering entrepreneurial mindset. In New Practices for Entrepreneurship Innovation (pp. 25–43). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5426-1.ch002
Wang, F., Wang, M., Wan, Y., Jin, J., & Pan, Y. (2021). The power of social learning: How do observational and word-of-mouth learning influence online consumer decision processes? Information Processing & Management, 58(5), 102632.
Widodo, W., & Nusantara, W. (2020). Building the character of children through non-formal education in schools. Journal of Nonformal Education, 6(1), 69–76.
Wilcha, R.-J. (2020). Effectiveness of Virtual Medical Teaching During the COVID-19 Crisis: Systematic Review. Jmir Medical Education, 6(2), e20963. https://doi.org/10.2196/20963
Winarti, E. (2023). A Humanistic Overview: Implementation of Independent Learning for Arabic at Islamic Universities. Ijaz Arabi Journal of Arabic Learning, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.18860/ijazarabi.v6i3.23036
Windarti, T., & Ibrahim, M. (2017). Pengaruh Kualitas Produk Dan Kualitas Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Produk Donat Madu. Python Cookbook, 706.
Wolska, G., Iwona, B. Ą. K., Raguz, I., & Oesterreich, M. (2019). Implications of education within CSR at the example of Polish and Croatian students at universities of economics. Intellectual Economics, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.13165/IE-19-13-1-06
Wu, H.-T., & Chen, M.-Y. (2019). Course design for college entrepreneurship education - from personal trait analysis to operation in practice. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(JUN). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01016
Yaacob, N. A., Osman, M. M., & Bachok, S. (2014). Factors Influencing Parents’ Decision in Choosing Private Schools. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.058
Yaacob, N. A., Osman, M. M., & Bachok, S. (2015). An Assessment of Factors Influencing Parents’ Decision Making When Choosing a Private School for their Children: A Case Study of Selangor, Malaysia: for Sustainable Human Capital. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 28, 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.050
Yu, M., Yuen, A. H. K., & Park, J. (2011). Parental influence on children’s home computer use and digital divide in education. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computers in Education, ICCE 2011, 595–602. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84860467207&partnerID=40&md5=6b99432d4cf6592b73256606cc3be924
Zahoor, A. (2018). Teacher Proactivity Influencing Student Satisfaction and Loyalty Role of Job Crafting and Work Engagement. Vikalpa, 43(3), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090918785046