Normative Gaps in the Protection of Education Rights of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities in the Inclusive Education System

Gesang Marchellino; Fahmi Ata Muttaqien; Aulia Akbar Mulyansyah; Galang Media Cakrawala; Aryatama  Prasetiadi Nurdiansyah

doi:10.26740/dlr.v1i2.52185

Authors

Gesang Marchellino Legal Researcher Pecel Delight School
Fahmi Ata Muttaqien `Legal Researcher Pecel Delight School
Aulia Akbar Mulyansyah Legal Researcher Pecel Delight School
Galang Media Cakrawala Legal Researcher Pecel Delight School
Aryatama Prasetiadi Nurdiansyah University of Al-Azhar Al-Syarif

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26740/dlr.v1i2.52185

Keywords:

Intellectual Disability, Legal Protection, Reasonable Accommodation, Inclusive Education, Human Rights

Abstract

People with intellectual disabilities face the greatest systemic risk of educational rights violations, largely due to social stigma and weak legal protection. Under international human rights law, states are obligated to respect, protect, and guarantee these rights as outlined in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). However, Indonesia’s domestic legislative framework does not adequately reflect these responsibilities. Research on the normative adequacy of legal protection in education for people with intellectual disabilities remains rare. This article addresses that gap through normative legal research and conceptual analysis, focusing on obligations of fulfillment and reasonable accommodation. The study examines Law No. 8 of 2016, Government Regulation No. 13 of 2020, Minister of Education and Culture Regulation No. 70 of 2009, and the CRPD. Findings highlight three concerns: the absence of specific protection norms, inconsistencies between international obligations and domestic regulations, and the lack of accessible repressive protection mechanisms. These shortcomings show Indonesia’s obligations are implemented only formally, without substantive effect. Therefore, regulatory reform is essential to achieve substantive equality and ensure the educational rights of individuals with intellectual disabilities, not as social policy but as a binding legal obligation.

References

Abrianto, B. O., & Tinambunan, H. S. R. (2025). Challenging the “Half-Hearted” Fulfillment of the Rights of Workers with Disabilities. Disable, 1(1), 103–116.

Amir, Y. S., Cahyani, N., & Permana, I. (2023). Implementasi program pendidikan inklusif bagi siswa tunagrahita di Sekolah Dasar Kabupaten Garut Jawa Barat. Literal: Disability Studies Journal, 1(02), 69–76.

Anwar, S., & Fauziah, L. (2023). Tinjauan Hukum terhadap Standar Evaluasi Pembelajaran bagi Siswa Disabilitas di Sekolah Inklusif. Al-Mizan (e-Journal), 19(2), 211–230.

Arvidsson, P., Storfors, T., & Wilder, J. (2023). Identification of Possible Learning Problems in Children with Intellectual Disabilities. The Routledge Handbook of Inclusive Education for Teacher Educators, 256–265. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003266068-20

Aspan, H., & Hermanto, H. (2025). The Role of Regional Technical Implementation Units in Advancing Inclusive Education for Persons with Disabilities in Indonesia. Journal of Innovation and Research in Primary Education, 4(3), 1550–1560.

Azizah, A. A. N., Putri, A. N., Hikmal, M., Khasanah, K., & Nugraha, D. Y. (2025). Inequality in Legal Protection for Persons with Disabilities in the Justice System: An Analysis of Implementation and Vague Norms. Lex Favor Reo, 1(1), 29–44.

Dahlan, M., & Anggoro, S. A. (2021). Hak atas Pekerjaan bagi Penyandang Disabilitas di Sektor Publik. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 4(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.4.1.1-48

Dewi, E. I. I., & Angelia, S. (2025). Alignment of Indonesian Manpower Regulations with ILO Standards. West Science Law and Human Rights, 3(03), 249–255. https://doi.org/10.58812/wslhr.v3i03.1987

Ediyanto, E., Ramadhani, R. S., Fitrasari, B. D., Kenila, E., Sunandar, A., Hastuti, W. D., & Suhendri, S. (2023). The problems in the implementation of inclusive education in primary schools. Journal of ICSAR, 7, 1.

Fajriyah, N., & Zaelani, A. Q. (2022). Pemenuhan Hak Atas Pendidikan Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas di Indonesia. Jurnal HAM, 13(1), 59–74.

Ferreira, A. A., & Lima, F. W. C. (2024). International legal framework of education for human rights.

Habeahan, M. A., Aulia, D. L., Rini, A. P., Anggraini, F. R., & Sjamsu, S. (2025). The Urgency of Formulating Clear Accessibility Norms for the Effectiveness of Fulfilling Disability Rights. Disable: Law Review, 1(1), 59–79.

Kusuma, W. A. (2024). Kesenjangan Normatif dalam Implementasi Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 13 Tahun 2020 tentang Akomodasi yang Layak. Nomos: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum, 4(1), 55–70.

Lattanzio, R. (2023). Implementing Policy and Law from a Rights Perspective. Handbook of Disability, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1278-7_90-1

Luckasson, R. (2023). Intellectual disability. Encyclopedia of Mental Health, 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-91497-0.00214-9

Nurhayati, S. P., Badriyah, F. N., Firdaningrum, A., Maulida, N. A., Mumtazah, E. F., Harmako, V. G., & Pamungkas, A. A. (2025). Protection of Disability in the World of Work Through Law Number 8 of 2016. Disable: Law Review, 1(1), 1–14.

Petri, G. (2022). Intellectual disability in Switzerland. Tizard Learning Disability Review, 27(1), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-11-2021-0036

Pratama, R. A., & Sari, N. M. (2025). Diskriminasi Struktural dan Kewajiban Pemenuhan Hak Atas Pendidikan Bagi Kelompok Rentan. Mimbar Hukum, 37(1), 45–62.

Pratiwi, A. D. C. (2024). Kerentanan Perempuan Penyandang Disabilitas. Themis: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 2(1), 7–12. https://doi.org/10.70437/themis.v2i1.561

Pugu, M. R., Lumentut, D. T., & Pelamonia, Y. G. (2022). Perempuan Pedesaan dan Disabilitas di Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat (Suatu Analisa Hubungan Internasional dalam Pelaksanaan Otsus Papua). Syntax Lit. J. Ilm. Indones, 7, 3464–3482.

Putri, S. A., & Rahmawati, D. (2023). Perlindungan Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia Terhadap Penyandang Disabilitas dalam Mengakses Pendidikan Dasar. Jurnal HAM, 14(2), 189–204.

Rakhmawaty, P., & Vic, B. J. (2025). The Gap Between Regulation and Implementation. Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences, 3(2), 182–190. https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v3i2.412

Santoso, B., & Setiawan, I. (2022). Sinkronisasi Regulasi Pendidikan Inklusif di Daerah terhadap Konvensi Hak Penyandang Disabilitas (CRPD). Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 19(3), 275–290.

Sodiqin, A. (2021). Ambigiusitas perlindungan hukum penyandang disabilitas dalam perundang-undangan di Indonesia. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 18(1), 31–44.

UNESCO. (2024). Global Education Monitoring Report 2024: Technology in education — A tool on whose terms? UNESCO Publishing.

WHO. (2022). World report on disability: Education for persons with disabilities. World Health Organization.

Wibowo, A. P., & Susanti, R. (2023). Urgensi Pengaturan Akomodasi yang Layak bagi Penyandang Disabilitas Intelektual dalam Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 30(2), 245–265.

Xin, W., Li, L., & Ruppar, A. L. (2024). Curricular Philosophies in Chinese Special School Curriculum. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 71(5), 721–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2022.2154325

Yulianto, A., & Hakim, M. A. (2024). Analisis Yuridis Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Inklusif Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 2016. Jurnal Konstitusi, 21(1), 112–130.

Zaskia, A. H., Maulidina, C. A., Azalia, V., Fadilah, A., & Harum, T. M. (2025). Pengaruh Stigma Sosial Terhadap Anak Dengan Hambatan Intelektual. Jurnal UNIK: Pendidikan Luar Biasa, 9(2), 111. https://doi.org/10.30870/unik.v9i2.30536