A Systematic Review of Artificial Intelligence in Autonomous and Sustainable Transportation Systems: Evolution, Current Applications and Future Directions
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, Sustainable Transport, Autonomous Mobility, Deep Learning, Smart InfrastructureAbstract
The concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI) rapidly redefines the principles of the modern transportation system, allowing transitioning to autonomous, efficient, and sustainable mobility. This paper provides a systematic review of the history, present, and future of AI in autonomous and sustainable transport systems. Both the foundational studies and recent developments in the field were synthesised in a structured and rigorous methodology. The review follows the development of AI in transportation since primitive rule-based and heuristic methods to more modern data-driven paradigms founded on machine learning and deep learning. It reviews the state-of-the-art applications in major areas, such as traffic control and prediction, self-driving and connected cars, smart infrastructure, safety optimisation and energy-conscious mobility systems. The special focus is made on AI integration with electrical power systems, where smart algorithms can improve energy efficiency, optimise the process of charging electric vehicles, and allow smart grid coordination. Moreover, the paper pinpoints ongoing issues such as data quality constraints, model interpretability, cybersecurity risks, infrastructure constraints and regulatory fragmentation especially in developing areas. In turn, the new research directions are presented, including the potential in energy-conscious AI models, federated learning, federated with digital twin technologies, and multi-modal intelligent mobility ecosystems. Its findings position artificial intelligence as a primary enabler of the next-generation transportation systems, which is a way to make transportation safer, more efficient, and environmentally sustainable.
Author Biographies
Najeem Olawale Adelakun, Works and Services Department, Federal College of Education, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria
Engr. Najeem Olawale Adelakun is a Principal Engineer at the Federal College of Education, Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria. He is a PhD scholar in Electrical Electronics Engineering and Artificial Intelligence, currently pursuing both programmes concurrently at different institutions, reflecting a rare blend of intellectual depth and strategic academic positioning. A seasoned researcher with a disciplined and forward-leaning mindset, he has authored and co-authored over 100 scholarly publications spanning reputable journals, books, and international conferences, attracting more than 470 citations. His work reflects both depth and consistency, grounded in the enduring principles of engineering while embracing emerging technological frontiers. His core research interests include Electrical Power Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Renewable Energy Technologies, with a strong inclination toward sustainable and intelligent infrastructure development. He can be reached via email: [email protected]
Matthew Babatunde Olajide, Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
Engr. Dr. Matthew Babatunde Olajide is a PhD holder in Electrical Engineering and serves as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Electrical/Electronics Engineering at Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria. He is a committed researcher and academic, with numerous publications in reputable journals and conferences, reflecting his dedication to advancing knowledge in his field. His research focuses on telecommunications systems, signal processing, and modern communication technologies, with particular interest in innovations that improve network efficiency and connectivity. Dr. Olajide is passionate about teaching and mentoring students, equipping them with the skills and insights needed to excel in engineering practice. He actively contributes to academic and professional development, bridging theoretical research with practical applications, and supporting sustainable technological growth in Nigeria and beyond. He can be reached via email: [email protected]
Samuel Adeniyi Omolola, Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Technology Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria
Engr. Samuel Adeniyi Omolola is a Principal Lecturer in the Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering at Federal University of Technology Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria. He is a seasoned academic and researcher with numerous publications in reputable journals, reflecting his dedication to advancing knowledge in electrical electronics engineering. His research focuses on electrical power systems, renewable energy technologies, power system stability, smart grids, and energy management, emphasizing practical and innovative approaches. He is committed to excellence in teaching, mentoring students, and fostering research that addresses real-world engineering challenges. Through his work, he bridges theoretical insights with practical applications, contributing to technological development and the training of skilled engineers capable of driving progress in Nigeria’s energy and engineering sectors. He can be reached via email: [email protected]
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