Impact of Grid-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Integration on Power System Performance

Authors

  • Nnaemeka Sunday Ugwuanyi Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Nigeria
  • Nestor Chima Ugwuoke Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6587-9020
  • Patrick Ifeanyi Obi Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-0224

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26740/vubeta.v2i2.35474

Keywords:

solar energy, Transient stability, Renewable integration, Penetration limit, Power system performance

Abstract

The impact of SPV integration on grid performance is a topic of ongoing debate, with conflicting reports on its effects. This study employs modal analysis, Newton-Raphson power flow, and time-domain simulations to assess the effects of SPV integration on voltage profiles, active power loss, and system stability in the IEEE 4-machine and Nigerian 50-bus power systems. The findings reveal that SPV integration impacts power systems differently, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach that considers voltage stability, power losses, and stability constraints. While SPV integration can improve voltage levels and reduce power losses, it may also compromise transient stability, highlighting the importance of careful planning and grid reinforcement. For the IEEE 4-machine system, SPV integration is feasible up to 25% based on power loss, but transient stability constraints limit it to 0%. For the Nigerian grid, optimal SPV integration is achieved at 10% based on power loss and voltage profile, while transient stability constraints limit integration to 5%. This study underscores the necessity of a multi-metric approach to defining SPV penetration limits, considering the trade-offs between voltage performance, power loss, and system stability.

Author Biographies

Nnaemeka Sunday Ugwuanyi, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Nigeria

Nnaemeka Sunday Ugwuanyi earned his BEng and MEng degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, in 2012 and 2016, respectively. He completed his PhD at École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers in 2020, receiving the Pierre Bézier Award for best PhD. He is a Lecturer at Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria, and a visiting scholar at MIT (2024). His research focuses on power system stability, renewable energy integration, nonlinear modal analysis using the standard form method, and FACTS devices. Email: ugwuanyi.nnaemeka@funai.edu.ng

Nestor Chima Ugwuoke, Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

Nestor Chima Ugwoke earned his BEng and MEng degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka in 2008 and 2019, respectively. He is pursuing a PhD at the Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Nigeria while working concurrently with the Enugu Electricity Distribution Company in Nigeria. He can be contacted at email: nestorchima2020@gmail.com

Patrick Ifeanyi Obi, Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

Patrick Ifeanyi Obi is an Electrical Engineering Professor in the Electrical/Electronic Department at Michael Okpara University, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. He holds a PhD in Electrical Power Systems/Machines from Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University (formerly ANSU), Uli, Anambra State. His research interest is in Power Systems Stability, Optimization and Generation and Integration of Alternative Energies into the Nigeria Power Grid. Email: patndyobi@gmail.com.

References

[1] W. Strielkowski, L. Civın, E. Tarkhanova, M. Tvaronaviciene˙, and Y. Petrenko, “Renewable energy in the sustainable development of electrical power sector: A review,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 24, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248240

[2] O. C. Anika, S. G. Nnabuife, A. Bello, E. R. Okoroafor, B. Kuang, and R. Villa, “Prospects of low and zero-carbon renewable fuels in 1.5-degree net zero emission actualisation by 2050: A critical review,” Carbon Capture Science & Technology, vol. 5, p. 100072, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2022.100072

[3] A. P. Adeagbo, F. K. Ariyo, K. A. Makinde, S. A. Salimon, O. B. Adewuyi, and O. K. Akinde, “Integration of solar photovoltaic distributed generators in distribution networks based on site’s condition,” Solar, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 52–63, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/solar2010004

[4] Y. Elomari, M. Norouzi, M. Genesca, A. Fernandez, and D. Boer, “Integration of solar photovoltaic systems into power networks: A scientific evolution analysis,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 15, p. 9249, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159249

[5] E. A. Sharew, H. A. Kefale, and Y. G. Werkie, “Power quality and performance analysis of grid-connected solar pv system based on recent grid integration requirements,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2, p. 4281768, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4281768

[6] J. Kumar, N. R. Parhyar, M. K. Panjwani, and D. Khan, “Design and performance analysis of pv grid-tied system with energy storage system,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1077–1085, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1077-1085

[7] R. K. Patnaik, P. S. Bharathi, S. Mathiyalagan, R. Thumma, G. Saravanan, M. Alanazi, V. Sivaraman, A. Elfasakhany, and A. Belay, “The potential role of pv solar power system to improve the integration of electric energy storage system,” International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2022, no. 1, p. 8735562, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8735562

[8] M. S. Hossain, N. Abboodi Madlool, A. W. Al-Fatlawi, and M. El Haj Assad, “High penetration of solar photovoltaic structure on the grid system disruption: An overview of technology advancement,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 2, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021174

[9] F. Peprah, S. Gyamfi, M. Amo-Boateng, and E. Effah-Donyina, “Impact assessment of grid tied rooftop pv systems on lv distribution network,” Scientific African, vol. 16, p. e01172, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01172

[10] O. B. Adewumi, G. Fotis, V. Vita, D. Nankoo, and L. Ekonomou, “The impact of distributed energy storage on distribution and transmission networks’ power quality,” Applied Sciences, vol. 12, no. 13, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136466

[11] S. O. Sanni, A. I. Abdullateef, O. O. Mohammed, M. N. Aman, A. K. Raji, and I. D. Fajuke, “Investigating the impact of solar pv and wind energy systems on the strength of a longitudinal power grid,” e-Prime - Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, vol. 8, p. 100593, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2024.100593

[12] A. Salah Saidi, “Impact of grid-tied photovoltaic systems on voltage stability of tunisian distribution networks using dynamic reactive power control,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 101537, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.06.023

[13] N. S. Ugwuanyi, I. O. Ozioko, U. U. Uma, O. A. Nwogu, N. C. Ugwuoke, A. O. Ekwue, and N. Nwokocha, “Enhancing renewable energy-grid integration by optimally placed facts devices: The nigeria case study,” Science Journal of Energy Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 16–25, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.171200709.94642816/v1

[14] S. Zemitte, M. Hamouda, F. Z. Arama, and A. Laidi, “Impact analysis of pv integration on power system stability under contingencies: case study,” MM science journal, vol. 1, no. 6, p. 6495 – 6500, 2023. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/MMSJ.2023_06_2023006

[15] B. B. Adetokun, J. O. Ojo, and C. M. Muriithi, “Application of large-scale grid-connected solar photovoltaic system for voltage stability improvement of weak national grids,” Scientific Reports, vol. 11, no. 1, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04300-w

[16] M. F. Nadeem, M. A. Aman, X. C. Ren, W. U. K. Tareen, M. A. Khan, M. R. Anjum, A. M. Hashmi, H. Ali, I. Bari, J. Khan, and S. Ahmad, “Optimal siting of distributed generation unit in power distribution system considering voltage profile and power losses,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, p. 5638407, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5638407

[17] I. O. Ozioko, N. S. Ugwuanyi, A. O. Ekwue, and C. I. Odeh, “Wind energy penetration impact on active power flow in developing grids,” Scientific African, vol. 18, p. e01422, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01422

[18] N. S. Ugwuanyi, X. Kestelyn, O. Thomas, B. Marinescu, and B. Wang, “A normal form-based power system out-of-step protection,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 208, p. 107873, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107873

[19] O. C. Akinsipe, D. Moya, and P. Kaparaju, “Design and economic analysis of off-grid solar pv system in jos-nigeria,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 287, p. 125055, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125055

[20] R. O. Olarewaju, A. S. O. Ogunjuyigbe, T. R. Ayodele, A. Yusuff, and T. Mosetlhe, “An assessment of proposed grid integrated solar photovoltaic in different locations of nigeria: Technical and economic perspective,” Cleaner Engineering and Technology, vol. 4, p. 100149, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100149

[21] T. A. Olukan, S. Santos, A. A. Al Ghaferi, and M. Chiesa, “Development of a solar nano-grid for meeting the electricity supply shortage in developing countries (nigeria as a case study),” Renewable Energy, vol. 181, pp. 640–652, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.09.058

[22] O. T. Ibitoye, O. S. Agunbiade, T. W. Ilemobola, A. B. Oluwadare, P. C. Ofodu, K. O. Lawal, and J. O. Dada, “Nigeria electricity grid and the potentials of renewable energy integration: A concise review,” in 2022 IEEE 7th International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), 2022, pp. 1–4. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ENERGYCON53164.2022.9830349

[23] C. Diyoke, U. Ngwaka, and K. Ugwu, “A comprehensive analysis on the grid-tied solar photovoltaics for clean energy mix and supply in nigeria’s on-grid power,” Journal of Energy Systems, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 1–17, 2023. Available: https://doi.org/10.30521/jes.988844

[24] Y. N. Chanchangi, F. Adu, A. Ghosh, S. Sundaram, and T. K. Mallick, “Nigeria’s energy review: Focusing on solar energy potential and penetration,” Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 5755–5796, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02308-4

[25] A. O. Amole, S. Oladipo, O. E. Olabode, K. A. Makinde, and P. Gbadega, “Analysis of grid/solar photovoltaic power generation for improved village energy supply: A case of ikose in oyo state nigeria,” Renewable Energy Focus, vol. 44, pp. 186–211, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.01.002

[26] P. S. Kundur and O. P. Malik, Power System Stability and Control, 2nd ed., McGraw Hill Education, New York, 2022

[27] N. S. Ugwuanyi, I. O. Oziokoand N. C. Ugwoke, “Dataset for the Nigerian 50-Bus 330 kV Power Grid”. Zenodo, Jun. 18, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11643089

[28] E. Munkhchuluun, L. Meegahapola, and A. Vahidnia, “Long-term voltage stability with large-scale solar-photovoltaic (pv) generation,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 117, p. 105663, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105663

[29] N. S. Ugwuanyi, O. A. Nwogu, I. O. Ozioko, and A. O. Ekwue, “An easy method for simultaneously enhancing power system voltage and angle stability using statcom,” Scientific African, vol. 25, p. e02248, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02248

[30] N. S. Ugwuanyi, U. U. Uma, and A. O. Ekwue, “Fundamental study of oscillations in the nigerian power system,” Nigerian Journal of Technolog, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 913–926, 2021. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v40i5.17

[31] O. A. Somoye, “Energy crisis and renewable energy potentials in nigeria: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 188, p. 113794, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113794

[32] K. E. Okedu, B. Oyinna, I. Colak, and A. Kalam, “Geographical information system-based assessment of various renewable energy potentials in Nigeria,” Energy Reports, vol. 11, pp. 1147–1160, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.12.065

Downloads

Published

2025-06-01

How to Cite

[1]
N. Sunday Ugwuanyi, N. C. Ugwuoke, and P. I. Obi, “Impact of Grid-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Integration on Power System Performance”, Vokasi Unesa Bull. Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 189–198, Jun. 2025.

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025)

Section

Article

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Nnaemeka Sunday Ugwuanyi, Nestor Chima Ugwuoke, Patrick Ifeanyi Obi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Abstract views: 82 , PDF Downloads: 43