Investigating the Taxonomic Value of Leaf Architecture in Ixora and Psychotria (Rubiaceae) Found in the Bogor Botanic Gardens’ Living Collections

Winda  Larasati; Niken  Kusumarini; Baiq  Farhatul Wahida; Rizmoon  Nurul Zulkarnaen; Muhammad  Rifqi Hariri

doi:10.26740/jrba.v6n1.p12-19

Authors

Winda Larasati Biology Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang, Jl. Walisongo No.3-5, Tambakaji, Semarang, Central Java 50185
Niken Kusumarini Biology Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang, Jl. Walisongo No.3-5, Tambakaji, Semarang, Central Java 50185
Baiq Farhatul Wahida Biology Study Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo, Semarang, Jl. Walisongo No.3-5, Tambakaji, Semarang, Central Java 50185
Rizmoon Nurul Zulkarnaen Enviromental and Life Science Departement, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jl Tungku Link, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
Muhammad Rifqi Hariri Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution - National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26740/jrba.v6n1.p12-19

Abstract

Ixora and Psychotria are two distinct genera within the Rubiaceae family found at the Bogor Botanic Gardens. Despite taxonomic differences at the genus and subfamily levels, these plants share certain characteristics that necessitate identifying similarities. This study aims to identify resemblances between Ixora and Psychotria by examining their leaf architecture and evaluating significant morphological characteristics across recognized variables. The data analysis objective is to identify commonalities in leaf architecture and key distinguishing characteristics. Species under investigation include Ixora javanica (Blume) DC., Ixora paludosa (Blume) Kurz, Ixora coccinea L., Ixora chinensis Lam., Psychotria angulata Korth., and P. viridiflora Reinw. ex Blume. Thirteen characters were used to identify shared traits and influential features. Research findings showed both Ixora and Psychotria exhibit various characteristics. Cluster analysis indicated strong correlation among subjects under investigation, primarily due to shared characteristics. Distinguishing features significantly contributing to differentiation are leaf abaxial surface color and leaf base morphology. It can be concluded that abaxial leaf surface color holds potential as a distinguishing characteristic for Ixora, while leaf base exhibits distinguishing features for Psychotria.

References

Alejandro, G. D., & Liede, S. (2003). The Philippine Rubiaceae genera: Updated synopsis in INTKEY databases of the DELTA system. Blumea: Journal of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, 48(2), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651903X674964.

Antonio, M. A., & Buot, I. E. (2021). Characterization and delineation of two infraspecific taxa of Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill: The leaf architecture approach. Biodiversitas, 22(4), 1783–1789. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220423.

Ariati, S. R., Astuti, R. S., Supriyatna, I., Yuswandi, A. Y., Setiawan, A., Saftaningsih, D., & Pribadi, O. D. (2019). An Alphabetical List of Plant Species Cultivated in The Bogor Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences Republic of Indonesia.

Baltazar, A. M. P. & Buot, I. E. Jr. (2019). Resolving taxonomic confusion between Hoya cumingiana Decne. and Hoya densifolia Turcz. (Apocynaceae) using leaf architectural analysis. The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal, 13(2), 77–89.

Barbhuiya, H. A., Dutta, B. K., Das, A. K., & Baishya, A. K. (2014). The family Rubiaceae in southern Assam with special reference to endemic and rediscovered plant taxa. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 6(4), 5649–5659. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.o3117.5649-59.

Baroga, J. B. & Buot, I. E. Jr. (2014). Leaf Architecture of Ten species of Philippine Terminalia Linn (Combretaceae). International Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 3(3), 83–88.

Davis, A. P., Bridson, D., Jarvis, C., & Govaerts, R. (2001). The typification and characterization of the genus Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 135(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1006/bojl.2000.0390.

Dengler, N. & Kang, J. (2001). Vascular patterning and leaf shape. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 4(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00135-7.

Han, J., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2006). Data Mining Concepts and Techniques Second Edition. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.

Hasanuddin & Fitriana. (2014). Hubungan kekerabatan fenetik 12 spesies anggota familia Asteraceae. Jurnal EduBio Tropika, 2(2), 187–250.

Jeffers, J. N. R. (1967). Two case studies in the application of Principal Component Analysis. Applied Statistics, 16(3), 225. https://doi.org/10.2307/2985919.

Karuniawan, A., Wicaksono, H. N., Ustari, D., Setiawati, T., & Supriatun, T. (2017). Identifikasi keragaman genetik plasma nutfah ubi kayu liar (Manihot glaziovii Muell) berdasarkan karakter morfo-agronomi. Kultivasi, 16(3), 435–443. https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v16i3.14038.

Keating, R. C. (2009). Manual of Leaf Architecture. In Systematic Botany (Vol. 34, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409790139682.

Laraño, A. A. P. & Buot, I. E. Jr. (2010). Leaf architecture of selected species of Malvaceae sensu APF and its taxonomic significance. Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology, 4(1), 20-42. https://doi.org/10.3860/pjsb.v4i0.1563.

Loutfy, M. H. A., Karakish, E. A. K., Khalifa, S. F., & Mira, E. R. A. (2005). Numerical taxonomic evaluation of leaf architecture of some species of genus Ficus L . International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 7(3), 352–357.

Maulia, Z. & Susandarini, R. (2019). Role of leaf architecture for the identification of agarwood-producing species Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. and Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke at vegetative stage. Journal of Biological Sciences, 19(6), 396–406.

https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2019.396.406.

Medina, M. N. D., Amoroso, V. B., & Kloppenburg, R. D. (2016). Changes of leaf morphology of Hoya amorosoae from varying light exposure: Its implications to species description and taxonomy. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 8(6), 232–237.

Meinata, A, Na’iem, M, Adriyanti, D. T., & Syahbudin, A. (2021). Leaf architecture of 35 species of dipterocarpaceae cultivated in forest area with special purposes in Carita, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 22(7), 2952–2960. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d220748.

Mouly, A., Razafimandimbison, S. G., Khodabandeh, A., & Bremer, B. (2009). Phylogeny and classification of the species-rich pantropical showy genus Ixora (Rubiaceae-Ixoreae) with indications of geographical monophyletic units and hybrids. American Journal of Botany, 96(3), 686–706. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0800235.

Parkhurst, D. F. & Loucks, O. L. (1972). Optimal leaf size in relation to environment. Journal of Ecology, 60(2), 505–537.

Rahmawati, Hasanuddin, & Nurmaliah, C. (2016). Hubungan Kekerabatan Fenetik Tujuh Anggota Familia Apocynaceae. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi, 1(1), 1–9.

Syukur, M., Sujiprihati, S., & Yunianti, R. (2015). Teknik Pemuliaan Tanaman (Revisi). Penebar Swadaya.

Tan, J. M. P. & Buot, I. E. Jr. (2018). Delineating two species Hoya benguetensis Schltr. and Hoya ilagiorum Kloppenb., Siar & Cajano (Apocynaceae): A leaf architectural approach. The Thailand Natural History Museum Journal, 12(2), 103–109.

Tosh, J., Dessein, S., Buerki, S., Groeninckx, I., Mouly, A., Bremer, B., Smets, E. F., & Block, P. D. (2013). Evolutionary history of the Afro-Madagascan Ixora species (Rubiaceae): Species diversification and distribution of key morphological traits inferred from datedmolecular phylogenetic trees. Annals of Botany, 112(9), 1723–1742. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mct222