Efek Suplementasi Omega 3 dan Latihan Fisik Terhadap Respon Inflamasi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/jossae.v5n2.p116-123Keywords:
omega 3, exercise, inflammationAbstract
The aims of this article is to find out how the effects of omega 3 supplementation and physical exercise on the inflammatory response. The method applied is literature review. The results showed that omega 3 supplementation and regular exercise can reduce the inflammatory response that is not controlled. Inflammation is a protective response caused by injury or tissue damage. After physical activity the body will experienced an increase in inflammatory markers, namely C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 10 (IL-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNF-a). Physical exercise, especially high-intensity eccentric exercises, will cause damage to muscle fibers and delayed muscle pain (DOMS) which results in disruption to muscle strength. Muscle pain is caused by an inflammatory process due to increased levels (TNF-a) in response to muscle damage. Inflammatory response that is not controlled can be controlled by giving omega 3 supplementation. It can be concluded that omega 3 supplementation and regular exercise are proven to reduce the inflammatory response that is not controlled, soto reduce the intensity of pain which support the performance in carrying out the exercise program.
References
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Bhullar, A.S., Putman, C.T. and Mazurak, V.C. (2016). Potential Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Myogenic Program of Satellite Cells. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 9: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4137/nmi.s27481.
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Couppé, C., Svensson, R.B., Silbernagel, K.G., Langberg, H. and Magnusson, S.P. (2015). Eccentric or concentric exercises for the treatment of tendinopathies?. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 45(11):853-863. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5910.
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Endo, J. and Arita, M. (2016). Cardioprotective mechanism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Cardiology. 67(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.002.
Fatouros, I. G. and Jamurtas, A. Z. (2016). Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: Opportunities for optimizing performance. Journal of Inflammation Research. 9: 175-186. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S114635.
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Gutiérrez-Pliego, L.E., MartÃnez-Carrillo, B.E., Reséndiz-Albor, A.A., Arciniega-MartÃnez, I.M., Escoto-Herrera, J.A., Rosales-Gómez, C.A. and Valdés-Ramos, R. (2018). Effect of Supplementation with n -3 Fatty Acids Extracted from Microalgae on Inflammation Biomarkers from Two Different Strains of Mice. Journal of Lipids. 2018 (Article ID 4765358): 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4765358.
Harle, C. A., Danielson, E. C., Derman, W., Stuart, M., Dvorak, J., Smith, L. and Hainline, B. (2018). Analgesic Management of Pain in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. Clinical journal of sport medicine¯: official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 28(5): 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000604.
Hedayatpour, N., Izanloo, Z. and Falla, D. (2018). The effect of eccentric exercise and delayed onset muscle soreness on the homologous muscle of the contralateral limb. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 41: 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.06.003.
Khan, S.A. (2017). Effects of Short Term Supplementation of Fish Oil Capsules on the Blood Fatty Acid Profile of Vegetarians¯: A Pilot Study. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 6(5): 19-23.
Kim, J., Kim, J. and Lee, J. (2017). Effect of compression garments on delayed-onset muscle soreness and blood inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 13(5): 541545. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1735088.554.
Lee, S. H., Kim, J. Y., Yeo, S., Kim, S. H. and Lim, S. (2015). Meta-Analysis of Massage Therapy on Cancer Pain. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 14(4): 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735415572885.
Mach, N. and Fuster-Botella, D. (2017). Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: A review, Journal of Sport and Health Science. 6(2): 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.05.001.
McMahon, G., Morse, C. I., Winwood, K., Burden, A. and Onambélé, G. L. (2019). Circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha may modulate the short-term detraining induced muscle mass loss following prolonged resistance training. Frontiers in Physiology. 10(527): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00527.
Morin, C., Charbonneau, L., Ouellet, N., Ouellet, H., Blier, P. U., Dufresne, F. and Fortin, S. (2017). Eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride resolves inflammation in an ex vivo model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell. European Journal of Pharmacology. 807:205-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.018.
Poppendieck, W., Wegmann, M., Ferrauti, A., Kellmann, M., Pfeiffer, M. and Meyer, T. (2016). Massage and Performance Recovery: A Meta-Analytical Review. Sports Medicine. 46(2): 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0420-x.
Sciberras, I.N., Galloway, D.R., Fenech, A., Grech, G., Farrugia, C., Duca, D. and Mifsud, J. (2015). The effect of turmeric (Curcumin) supplementation on cytokine and inflammatory marker responses following 2 hours of endurance cycling. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 12(1): 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-014-0066-3.
Smith, G. I., Julliand, S., Reeds, D. N., Sinacore, D. R., Klein, S. and Mittendorfer, B. (2015). Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 102(1): 115-122. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.105833.
Stasinopoulos, D. and Stasinopoulos, I. (2017). Comparison of effects of eccentric training, eccentric-concentric training, and eccentric-concentric training combined with isometric contraction in the treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 30(1): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2016.09.001.
Syarli, H. and Pattie. (2017). Pengaruh Recovery Aktif dan Pasif dalam Meringankan Gejala Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Journal of Sport Science and Education (Jossae). 2(2): 38-41.
Tamara, S., Leatemia, D. and Masjhoer, D.H. (2018). Studi OAINS pada Kasus Osteoartritis di RSUD Abdul Wahab Samarinda. Jurnal Kedokteran Mulawarman, 4(1): 29-38.
Turkmen, S. and Yazar, M. (2017). Inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative and antioxidative status. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry.
Zheng, G., Qiu, P., Xia, R., Lin, H., Ye, B., Tao, J. and Chen, L. (2019). Effect of aerobic exercise on inflammatory markers in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 11:98. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00098
Zhou, Ying, Yan Hong, and Haihua Huang. 2016. œTriptolide Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Membranous Glomerulo-Nephritis Rat via Downregulation of NF-ΚB Signaling Pathway. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452591
Bahrudin, M. (2018) ˜Patofisiologi Nyeri (Pain). Saintika Medika. 13(1): 7-13. https://doi.org/10.22219/sm.v13i1.5449.
Baker, E.J., Miles, E.A., Burdge, G.C., Yaqoob, P. and Calder, P.C. (2016). Metabolism and functional effects of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids in humans. Progress in Lipid Research. 64:30-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2016.07.002.
Bhullar, A.S., Putman, C.T. and Mazurak, V.C. (2016). Potential Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Myogenic Program of Satellite Cells. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 9: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4137/nmi.s27481.
Black, K. E., Witard, O. C., Baker, D., Healey, P., Lewis, V., Tavares, F., Christensen, S., Pease, T. and Smith, B. (2018). Adding omega-3 fatty acids to a protein-based supplement during pre-season training results in reduced muscle soreness and the better maintenance of explosive power in professional Rugby Union players. European Journal of Sport Science. 18(10): 1357-1367. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1491626
Coghill, A. E., Schenk, J. M., Mahkoul, Z., Orem, J., Phipps, W. and Casper, C. (2018) ˜Omega-3 decreases IL-6 levels in HIV and human herpesvirus-8 coinfected patients in Uganda, AIDS. https://doi.org/ 10.1097 / QAD.0000000000001722
Corder, K. E., Newsham, K. R., McDaniel, J. L., Ezekiel, U. R. and Weiss, E. P. (2016) ˜Effects of short-term docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on markers of inflammation after eccentric strength exercise in women, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine.
Couppé, C., Svensson, R.B., Silbernagel, K.G., Langberg, H. and Magnusson, S.P. (2015). Eccentric or concentric exercises for the treatment of tendinopathies?. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 45(11):853-863. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2015.5910.
Deng, B., Zhang, F., Chen, K., Wen, J., Huang, H., Liu, W., Ye, S., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Gong, P. and Jiang, S. (2016) ˜MyoD promotes porcine PPARγ gene expression through an E-box and a MyoD-binding site in the PPARγ promoter region, Cell and Tissue Research. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00441-016-2380-3
Durán, A. M., Salto, L. M., Câmara, J., Basu, A., Paquien, I., Beeson, W. L., Firek, A., Cordero-Macintyre, Z. and De León, M. (2019). Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid supplementation on neuropathic pain symptoms and sphingosine levels in Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2019 (12): 109-120. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S187268.
Endo, J. and Arita, M. (2016). Cardioprotective mechanism of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Cardiology. 67(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.002.
Fatouros, I. G. and Jamurtas, A. Z. (2016). Insights into the molecular etiology of exercise-induced inflammation: Opportunities for optimizing performance. Journal of Inflammation Research. 9: 175-186. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S114635.
Fritsche, K. L. (2015) ˜The Science of Fatty Acids and Inflammation, Advances in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006940
Furlan, A. D., Giraldo, M., Baskwill, A., Irvin, E. and Imamura, M. (2015). Massage for low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (9): CD001929. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3.
Gammone, M. A., Riccioni, G., Parrinello, G. and Dorazio, N. (2019). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Benefits and endpoints in sport. Nutrients. 11(1): 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010046.
Gutiérrez-Pliego, L.E., MartÃnez-Carrillo, B.E., Reséndiz-Albor, A.A., Arciniega-MartÃnez, I.M., Escoto-Herrera, J.A., Rosales-Gómez, C.A. and Valdés-Ramos, R. (2018). Effect of Supplementation with n -3 Fatty Acids Extracted from Microalgae on Inflammation Biomarkers from Two Different Strains of Mice. Journal of Lipids. 2018 (Article ID 4765358): 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4765358.
Harle, C. A., Danielson, E. C., Derman, W., Stuart, M., Dvorak, J., Smith, L. and Hainline, B. (2018). Analgesic Management of Pain in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. Clinical journal of sport medicine¯: official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine. 28(5): 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000604.
Hedayatpour, N., Izanloo, Z. and Falla, D. (2018). The effect of eccentric exercise and delayed onset muscle soreness on the homologous muscle of the contralateral limb. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 41: 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.06.003.
Khan, S.A. (2017). Effects of Short Term Supplementation of Fish Oil Capsules on the Blood Fatty Acid Profile of Vegetarians¯: A Pilot Study. Int J Med Res Health Sci. 6(5): 19-23.
Kim, J., Kim, J. and Lee, J. (2017). Effect of compression garments on delayed-onset muscle soreness and blood inflammatory markers after eccentric exercise: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 13(5): 541545. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1735088.554.
Lee, S. H., Kim, J. Y., Yeo, S., Kim, S. H. and Lim, S. (2015). Meta-Analysis of Massage Therapy on Cancer Pain. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 14(4): 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735415572885.
Mach, N. and Fuster-Botella, D. (2017). Endurance exercise and gut microbiota: A review, Journal of Sport and Health Science. 6(2): 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.05.001.
McMahon, G., Morse, C. I., Winwood, K., Burden, A. and Onambélé, G. L. (2019). Circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha may modulate the short-term detraining induced muscle mass loss following prolonged resistance training. Frontiers in Physiology. 10(527): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00527.
Morin, C., Charbonneau, L., Ouellet, N., Ouellet, H., Blier, P. U., Dufresne, F. and Fortin, S. (2017). Eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride resolves inflammation in an ex vivo model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell. European Journal of Pharmacology. 807:205-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.018.
Poppendieck, W., Wegmann, M., Ferrauti, A., Kellmann, M., Pfeiffer, M. and Meyer, T. (2016). Massage and Performance Recovery: A Meta-Analytical Review. Sports Medicine. 46(2): 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0420-x.
Sciberras, I.N., Galloway, D.R., Fenech, A., Grech, G., Farrugia, C., Duca, D. and Mifsud, J. (2015). The effect of turmeric (Curcumin) supplementation on cytokine and inflammatory marker responses following 2 hours of endurance cycling. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 12(1): 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-014-0066-3.
Smith, G. I., Julliand, S., Reeds, D. N., Sinacore, D. R., Klein, S. and Mittendorfer, B. (2015). Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 102(1): 115-122. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.105833.
Stasinopoulos, D. and Stasinopoulos, I. (2017). Comparison of effects of eccentric training, eccentric-concentric training, and eccentric-concentric training combined with isometric contraction in the treatment of lateral elbow tendinopathy. Journal of Hand Therapy. 30(1): 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2016.09.001.
Syarli, H. and Pattie. (2017). Pengaruh Recovery Aktif dan Pasif dalam Meringankan Gejala Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Journal of Sport Science and Education (Jossae). 2(2): 38-41.
Tamara, S., Leatemia, D. and Masjhoer, D.H. (2018). Studi OAINS pada Kasus Osteoartritis di RSUD Abdul Wahab Samarinda. Jurnal Kedokteran Mulawarman, 4(1): 29-38.
Turkmen, S. and Yazar, M. (2017). Inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative and antioxidative status. Turkish Journal of Biochemistry.
Zheng, G., Qiu, P., Xia, R., Lin, H., Ye, B., Tao, J. and Chen, L. (2019). Effect of aerobic exercise on inflammatory markers in healthy middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 11:98. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00098
Zhou, Ying, Yan Hong, and Haihua Huang. 2016. œTriptolide Attenuates Inflammatory Response in Membranous Glomerulo-Nephritis Rat via Downregulation of NF-ΚB Signaling Pathway. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452591
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2020-10-31
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Ayubi, N., Purwanto, B., & Rejeki, P. S. (2020). Efek Suplementasi Omega 3 dan Latihan Fisik Terhadap Respon Inflamasi. JOSSAE (Journal of Sport Science and Education), 5(2), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.26740/jossae.v5n2.p116-123
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