Entrepreneurial Orientation and Government Support: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing in Rural Areas

Authors

  • Rizwan Ahmed Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Nawabshah, Pakistan

Keywords:

Entrepreneurial orientation, Government support, Knowledge sharing, Rural enterprise performance, Pakistan

Abstract

This research focus on analysing how entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and government support (GS) affect the performance of rural businesses in Nawabshah, Pakistan. Moreover, its mediating variable is knowledge sharing (KS), which enhances the relationship between EO, GS and enterprise performance (EP). Rural entrepreneurs and small business owners within the city of Nawabshah, Pakistan were sampled and collected. The test of the proposed hypotheses was conducted using structural equation modelling (SEM) in order to evaluate both the direct and mediating effect. The findings showed that the research model that was proposed was supported. EO and GS had a significant effect on the performance of enterprises, and KS was an important mediator that increased the positive effect of EO and GS on the performance results. The data indicate that in rural areas, entrepreneurs have not only good GS but also active exchange of knowledge in their communities creating better innovation and competitiveness. According to the best knowledge of the authors, the investigation of the combined influence of EO, GS, and KS on rural enterprises in Nawabshah, Pakistan is one of the first attempts. The outcomes provide a more in-depth insight into the interaction between government support and EO and KS to improve the performance of rural enterprises. In addition, the research offers insights to the policymakers and development agencies on how to enhance entrepreneurial systems in rural locations.

References

Awad, A., Shemais, M., & Al-Embabi, M. (2024). Driving HR performance through digital transformation in educational directorates: A strategic imperative. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(4), 163.

Awad, A., & Mahmoud, M. (2024). Impact of electronic customer relationship management on competitive advantage: Mediating role of customer satisfaction in EgyptAir. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 22(3), 276.

Awad, A., Aziz, A. F., & Shma, T. R. (2025). Investment behavior in the Egyptian stock market: The impact of social media on investor decision-making. Investment Management & Financial Innovations, 22(1), 203.

Awad, A., Aldabousi, A. M., & Albatal, S. (2025). The influence of social media marketing on customer knowledge management: The role of confidentiality in UAE public banks. Banks and Bank Systems, 20(1), 1.

Awad, A., & Alharthi, B. (2025). The role of digital marketing tools in promoting tourism: An applied study on online marketing strategies. Innovative Marketing, 21(2), 14.

Awad, A. (2025). The role of universities' social responsibility in enhancing business sustainability: Mediating role of entrepreneurial culture. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 23(1), 181.

Awad, A., & Aldabousi, A. M. (2024). Analyzing the impact of viral marketing on brand equity dimensions in Egypt’s home appliances sector: A customer and legal perspective. Innovative Marketing, 20(4), 100.

Awad, A., Kordy, A., Hassan, A., & Aal, H. A. (2025). The role of blockchain technology in advancing supply chain innovation: A descriptive-analytical study.

Aldabousi, A. M., Awad, A., Hassan, H. E. M., Abdullah, S. S., & Ghonim, A. (2025). Arbitration in Islamic banking: Exploring legal and practical implications for dispute resolution. Banks and Bank Systems, 20(2), 15.

Alzboon, M. S., Alqaraleh, M., & Al-Batah, M. S. (2024). AI in the Sky: Developing Real-Time UAV Recognition Systems to Enhance Military Security. Data Metadata, 3(417).‏

Awad, A., Al‐fil, N. Z., Dganni, K. M., Aldabousi, A. M., & Obeidat, M. A. (2024). Optimizing dormant account management in UAE banking: Legal gaps and proposed reforms. Banks and Bank Systems, 19 (4), 124.

Aldabousi, A. M. (2023). The legal problems facing the conclusion of cloud computing contracts. University and Society , 15 (3), 602-611.

Awad, A., & Ghonim, A. (2025). Data-Driven Marketing in Banks: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Marketing Efficiency and Business Performance. International Review of Management and Marketing, 15(5), 422.

Alzboon, M. S., Qawasmeh, S., Alqaraleh, M., Abuashour, A., Bader, A. F., & Al-Batah, M. (2023, October). Pushing the Envelope: Investigating the Potential and Limitations of ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Computer Science Research. In 2023 3rd International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (eSmarTA) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.‏

Alzboon, M. S., Al-Shorman, H. M., Alka’awneh, S. M. N., Saatchi, S. G., Alqaraleh, M. K. S., Samara, E. I. M., ... & Haija, A. A. A. (2025). The Role of Perceived Trust in Embracing Artificial Intelligence Technologies: Insights from SMEs. In Intelligence-Driven Circular Economy: Regeneration Towards Sustainability and Social Responsibility—Volume 2 (pp. 1-15). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.‏

Al Tal, S., Al Salaimeh, S., Alomari, S. A., & Alqaraleh, M. (2019). The modern hosting computing systems for small and medium businesses. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 25(4), 1-7.‏

Aldabousi, AM (2023). Legal problems facing the conclusion of cloud computing contracts. Journal of University and Society , 15 (3), 602-611.

Alzboon, M. S., Qawasmeh, S., Alqaraleh, M., Abuashour, A., Bader, A. F., & Al-Batah, M. (2023, October). Machine Learning Classification Algorithms for Accurate Breast Cancer Diagnosis. In 2023 3rd International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (eSmarTA) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.‏

Aldabousi, A. M. (2025). Managing commercial space activities: Legal and regulatory challenges in the UAE's space sector. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 23(2), 423.

Aldabousi, A. M. (2023). The Artificial Intelligence as an Inventor Legal Study. Russian Law Journal, 11(3S), 105-111.

Abuashour, A., Salem Alzboon, M., Kamel Alqaraleh, M., & Abuashour, A. (2024). Comparative Study of Classification Mechanisms of Machine Learning on Multiple Data Mining Tool Kits. Am J Biomed Sci Res, 2024(22), 1.‏

Alzboon, M. S., Aljarrah, E., Alqaraleh, M., & Alomari, S. A. (2021). NodeXL tool for social network analysis. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(14), 202-216.‏

Al-Sherman, N., & Aldabousi, A. M. (2024). The Complementary Penalties Enforced to Combat Corporate Crimes in UAE Law. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16(3).

Alqaraleh, M., Alzboon, M. S., Al-Batah, M. S., Wahed, M. A., Abuashour, A., & Alsmadi, F. H. (2024). Harnessing Machine Learning for Quantifying Vesicoureteral Reflux: A Promising Approach for Objective Assessment. International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering, 20(11).‏

Aldabousi, A. M. (2022). Legal problems of conclusion of intelligent software agent for smart commercial contracts in the era of Blockchain UAE as model. Universidad y Sociedad, 14(S3), 713-728.

Awad, A. (2024). Artificial intelligence and marketing innovation: The mediating role of organizational culture. Innovative Marketing, 20(3), 170.

Al-Ramahi, N., Kreishan, F. M., Hussain, Z., Khan, A., Alghizzawi, M., & AlWadi, B. M. (2024). Unlocking sustainable growth: The role of artificial intelligence adoption in jordan retail sector, moderated by entrepreneurial orientation. International Review of Management and Marketing, 14(6), 143.

Alqaraleh, M. (2024). Emerging technologies in the Middle East: artificial intelligence adoption and performance expectancy in Jordanian SMEs. Studies in Computational Intelligence.‏

Alzboon, M. S., Al-Batah, M. S., Alqaraleh, M., Abuashour, A., & Hamadah Bader, A. F. (2023). Early Diagnosis of Diabetes: A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods. International Journal of Online & Biomedical Engineering, 19(15).‏

Armutcu, B., Majeed, M. U., Hussain, Z., & Aslam, S. (2025). The impact of digital voice of customer and product lifecycle management on Quality 4.0: moderating role of AI in SMEs. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management.

Al-Batah, M., Alzboon, M. S., Alqaraleh, M., & Alzaghoul, F. A. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Advanced Data Mining Methods for Enhancing Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis. Data Metadata, 3, 465.‏

Alzboon, M. S., Bader, A. F., Abuashour, A., Alqaraleh, M. K., Zaqaibeh, B., & Al-Batah, M. (2023, November). The Two Sides of AI in Cybersecurity: Opportunities and Challenges. In 2023 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Next Generation Networks (ICNGN) (pp. 1-9). IEEE.‏

Aldabousi, A. M. (2024). The Joint Responsibility of the Air Carrier Established in accordance with International Conventions on the Status of Air Terrorism. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16(2), 135.

Aidis, R., Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. (2008). Institutions and entrepreneurship development in Russia: A comparative perspective. Journal of business Venturing, 23(6), 656-672.

Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management, 17(1), 99-120.

Brahmi, M., Hussain, Z., Majeed, M. U., Khan, A., Qureshi, M. A., & Bansal, R. (2025). Corporate Social Responsibility’s Influence on Brand Image in the Automotive Sector: The Corporate Reputation and Product Quality Role. Administrative Sciences, 15(4), 121.

Field, J. (2003). Psycholinguistics: A resource book for students. Psychology press.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.

Ghonim, A., & Awad, A. (2024). Leveraging E-Marketing for enhancing customer knowledge management: A systematic review of tourism strategies in the Saudi Arabian context. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(8), 11693-11709.

Ghonim, A., Awad, A., Shemais, M., Shma, T., & Aziz, A. (2025). Exploring the impact of flexible work arrangements on employee engagement in telecommunications: case of Egypt. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 23(2), 198.

Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24.

Hussain, Z., & Mari, A. K. (2023). Legal Protection of Customer Privacy on E-commerce: A comparative study of Iranian and American Law. International Journal of Marketing, Communication and New Media, (12).

Hussain, Z., Khan, A., Qureshi, M. A., Bansal, R., & Pruthi, N. (2025). The Impact of Online Reviews on Sustainable Product Adoption in the Food Industry: A Serial Mediation Effect of Consumer Trust and Perceived Value. Journal of Promotion Management, 31(6), 933-955.

Hussain, Z., Sultan, R., Asadullah, A., Arif, M., & Ali, A. (2022). The Impact of Zakat Literacy, Trust, and the Accessibility of Digital Payments on Generation Z and Y's Intention to Pay Zakat to Central Zakat Fund, the State Bank of Pakistan. International Journal of Zakat, 7(2), 105-114.

Hussain, Z., Khan, A., & Ali, A. (2023). The impact of user-generated content, social interactions and virtual economies on metaverse environments. Journal of Sustainable Economics, 1(2), 34-44.

Hussain, Z. (2022). Intention to purchase halal cosmetic products in an Islamic Pakistani culture. Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 3(1), 1-11.

Hussain, Z. (2023). The Use of Web 3.0 in University E-learning, Quality Assurance, and Knowledge Management. In Advances in Distance Learning in Times of Pandemic (pp. 155-176). Chapman and Hall/CRC.

Hussain, Z. (2023, April). Analyzing the emerging trends of digital literacy among Muslim students Zahid Hussain. In The 1st Annual Conference of Islamic Education (pp. 125-134). Atlantis Press.

Hussain, Z. (2023). Examining the impact of green marketing strategies on organizational performance and competitive advantage. NUST Business Review, 5(1), 1-18.

Jackson, D. L. (2003). Revisiting sample size and number of parameter estimates: Some support for the N: q hypothesis. Structural equation modeling, 10(1), 128-141.

Khan, A., Hamid, A. B. A., Saad, N. M., Hussain, Z., & Arif, A. R. (2023). Effectiveness of artificial intelligence in building customer loyalty: investigating the mediating role of chatbot in the tourism sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(9), 657-671.

Kline, P. (2015). A handbook of test construction (psychology revivals): introduction to psychometric design. Routledge.

Mahmoud, M., Shma, T., Aziz, A., & Awad, A. (2025). Integrating knowledge management with smart technologies in public pharmaceutical organizations. Knowledge and Performance Management, 9(1), 31.

Meyers, M. C., Van Woerkom, M., & Dries, N. (2013). Talent—Innate or acquired? Theoretical considerations and their implications for talent management. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), 305-321.

Nazil, A. R. (2025). AI-Powered Visualization is Transforming Modern Healthcare. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 6(8), 1474-1478.

Nazil, A. R., Jony, M. A. M., Hosen, M. M., akter Priya, M., & Arafat, Y. Information Technology Perspective on Business.

Nazil, A. R. (2025). AI at War: The next revolution for military and defense.

Obeidat, M. A., AlFil, N. Z., Aldabousi, A. M., & DGANNI, K. M. (2024). Criminal Protection for the Merchants from the Crimes of Electronic Publishing about Invasion of Privacy in UAE Legislation. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 16(3).

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.

Qadeer, A., & Awad, A. (2025). AI-Powered ChatGPT in Branding: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Directions. In Impacts of AI-Generated Content on Brand Reputation (pp. 1-26). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.

Qadeer, A., Awad, A., & Ali, A. (2025). Understanding Generative AI Implementation in Digital Advertising Among Retail SMEs in Pakistan. In Impacts of AI-Generated Content on Brand Reputation (pp. 177-202). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.

Qadeer, A., & Awad, A. (2025). Generative AI in Advertisements: A Conceptual Framework Based on the Technology Acceptance Model. In Impacts of AI-Generated Content on Brand Reputation (pp. 109-128). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.

Muhyeeddin, A., Mowafaq, S. A., Al-Batah, M. S., & Mutaz, A. W. (2024). Advancing medical image analysis: the role of adaptive optimization techniques in enhancing COVID-19 detection, lung infection, and tumor segmentation. LatIA, 2, 74-74.‏

Saad, M., Awad, A., Aziz, A. F., & Shma, T. R. (2025). Influencer marketing’s impact on credibility and purchase intention: A study on University of Bisha students in Saudi Arabia. Innovative Marketing, 21(1), 326.

Saeed Almanbahi, F., Awad, A., Ghonim, A., Mohammed Alabsy, N., & Shemais, M. (2025). Ethical leadership and organizational excellence: the mediating role of citizenship behavior in healthcare. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1-14.

Wahed, M. A., Alqaraleh, M., Alzboon, M. S., & Al Batah, M. S. (2025). Application of Artificial Intelligence for Diagnosing Tumors in the Female Reproductive System: A Systematic Review. Multidisciplinar (Montevideo), (3), 15.‏

Wahid, A., & Awad, A. (2025). Role of AI Chatbots in Enhancing Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty. In Impacts of AI-Generated Content on Brand Reputation (pp. 129-148). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.

Wahed, M. A., Alzboon, M. S., Alqaraleh, M., Al-Batah, M., Bader, A. F., & Wahed, S. A. (2024, November). Enhancing Diagnostic Precision in Pediatric Urology: Machine Learning Models for Automated Grading of Vesicoureteral Reflux. In 2024 7th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols, and Services (NETAPPS) (pp. 1-7). IEEE.‏

Wahed, M. A., Alqaraleh, M., Alzboon, M. S., & Al-Batah, M. S. (2025). Evaluating AI and Machine Learning Models in Breast Cancer Detection: A Review of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Global Research Trends. LatIA, 3, 117-117.‏

Yusuf, A., Ayus, A. K. M., Shiddieqy, D. F., & Awad, A. (2025). The Role of Sukuk Financing in Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction: Empirical Evidence from Selected ASEAN Countries. Public and Municipal Finance, 14, 42-50.

Yahia Shams Eldin, A., Elnour, A., Omer Ahmed Hassan, R., & Awad, A. (2025). The role of technological and environmental factors in creating business value from social media dynamic capabilities for SMEs in Saudi Arabia. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12(1), 1-11.Lee, J., Koh, M., & Jeong, G. (2017). Analysis of the impact of agricultural R&D investment on food security. Applied Economics Letters, 24(1), 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1161708

Lele, U., Masters, W. A., Kinabo, J., Meenakshi, J. V, Ramaswami, B., Tagwireyi, J., & Goswami, S. (2016). Measuring food and nutrition security: An independent technical assessment and user’s guide for existing indicators. Rome: Food Security Information Network, Measuring Food and Nutrition Security Technical Working Group, 177.

Leroy, J. L., Ruel, M., Frongillo, E. A., Harris, J., & Ballard, T. J. (2015). Measuring the food access dimension of food security: a critical review and mapping of indicators. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 36(2), 167–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572115587274

Leung, C. W., Epel, E. S., Ritchie, L. D., Crawford, P. B., & Laraia, B. A. (2014). Food insecurity is inversely associated with diet quality of lower-income adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 114(12), 1943–1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.353

Malec, K., Rojík, S., Maitah, M., Abdu, M., & Abdullahi, K. T. (2023). Investments in Agricultural Innovation and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2838012/v1

McKerchar, C., King, P., Lacey, C., Abel, G., & Signal, L. (2020). RIGHTS-BASED APPROACHES TO IMPROVING FOOD AVAILABILITY FOR TAMARIKI MĀORI: A narrative literature review and theory-based synthesis. 9(3). https://doi.org/ 10.20507/MAIJournal.2020.9.3.6

Mittal, S., & Sethi, D. (2009). Food security in South Asia: Issues and opportunities. working paper.

Nicolétis, É., Caron, P., El Solh, M., Cole, M., Fresco, L. O., Godoy-Faúndez, A., Kadleciková, M., Kennedy, E., Khan, M., & Li, X. (2019). Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security.

Penney, T. L., Brown, H., Maguire, E. R., Kuhn, I., & Monsivais, P. (2015). Local food environment interventions to improve healthy food choice in adults: a systematic review and realist synthesis protocol. BMJ Open, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007161

Pingali, P. L. (2012). Green revolution: impacts, limits, and the path ahead. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(31), 12302–12308.

Rajalahti, R., Janssen, W., & Pehu, E. (2008). Agricultural innovation systems: From diagnostics toward operational practices. Agriculture & Rural Development Department, World Bank Washington, DC.

Reardon, T., Echeverria, R., Berdegué, J., Minten, B., Liverpool-Tasie, S., Tschirley, D., & Zilberman, D. (2019). Rapid transformation of food systems in developing regions: Highlighting the role of agricultural research & innovations. Agricultural Systems, 172, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.022

Reeder, N., Tolar-Peterson, T., Bailey, R. H., Cheng, W.-H., & Evans, M. W. (2022). Food Insecurity and Depression among US Adults: NHANES 2005–2016. Nutrients, 14(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153081

Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. In The Stata Journal (Vol. 9, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900

Thirtle, C., Lin, L., & Piesse, J. (2003). The Impact of Research-Led Agricultural Productivity Growth on Poverty Reduction in Africa, Asia and Latin America. World Development, 31(12), 1959–1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.07.001

Timmer, C. P. (2015). Food security and scarcity: why ending hunger is so hard. University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/apel.12244

USDA. (2010). Grain: World Markets and Trade. https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDAFAS/subscriber/new

Warr, P. (2005). Food policy and poverty in Indonesia: a general equilibrium analysis. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 49(4), 429–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2005.00312.x

Windmeijer, F. (2005). A finite sample correction for the variance of linear efficient two-step GMM estimators. Journal of Econometrics, 126(1), 25–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2004.02.005

Downloads

Published

2025-11-29

How to Cite

Ahmed, R. (2025). Entrepreneurial Orientation and Government Support: The Mediating Role of Knowledge Sharing in Rural Areas. Journal of Rural and Regional Innovation Studies, 1(2), 37–61. Retrieved from https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jorris/article/view/45611
Abstract views: 1 , PDF Downloads: 0