Pengembangan Ketrampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi dengan Menggunakan Strategi Metakognitif Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/jp.v2n1.p77-85Keywords:
kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi, strategi metakognitif, pembelajaran berbasis masalahAbstract
Abstrak
Secara umum capaian ketrampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi peserta didik masih rendah dibanding negara lain. Untuk mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi, pendidik dituntut untuk menciptakan suasana belajar yang mendukung dan menggunakan strategi pembelajaran. Upaya meningkatkan ketrampilan berpikir peserta didik dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan ketrampilan metakognisinya. Ada berbagai jenis strategi metakognitif yang dapat dipilih pendidik, satu diantaranya menggunakan strategi pemecahan masalah (problem solving). Dalam proses pemecahan masalah, individu menggunakan kedua kemampuan kognitif dan keterampilan praktis, yang meliputi kegiatan metakognitif seperti analisis, sintesis dan evaluasi. Pembelajaran berbasis masalah merupakan pendekatan pembelajaran yang digunakan untuk merangsang berpikir tingkat tinggi siswa dalam situasi yang berorientasi pada masalah yang nyata, termasuk di dalamnya belajar bagaimana belajar.
Abstract
In general, higher order thinking skills achievements of learners is still low compared to other countries. To develop higher order thinking skills, educators are required to create a learning atmosphere that supports and use learning strategies. Efforts to improve thinking skills that learners can do to improve metacognitive skills. There are different types of metacognitive strategies that can be selected educators, one of which uses problem solving strategies. In the process of solving problems, individuals using both cognitive abilities and practical skills, which include metacognitive activities such as analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Problem-based learning is an instructional approach used to stimulate students' higher order thinking in situations oriented real problems, including learning how to learn.
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Nurdin, Syafrududdin, Adriatoni. 2016. Kurikulum dan Pembelajaran. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
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Prasetyani, Etika, Yusuf Hartono, dan Ely Susanti. 2016. Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat TinggiSiswa Kelas XI dalam Pembelajaran rigonometri Berbasis Masalah Di Sma Negeri 18 Palembang. Jurnal Gantang Pendidikan Matematika Fkip - Umrah, Vol. 1 No. 1, Agustus 2016, P-Issn. 2503-0671, E-Issn. 2548-5547.
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Sani, R. A. 2016. Penilaian Autentik. Jakarta: Bumi Akasara.
Sanjaya, W. 2007. Strategi Pembelajaran. Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Sudiarta, P. 2006. Pengembangan model pembelajaran berorientasi pemecahan masalah open-ended berbantuan LKM untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep dan hasil belajar mahasiswa matakuliah pengantar dasar Matematika.Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran UNDIKSHA 39 Nomor 2, April 2006. Singaraja: UNDIKSHA.
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Sudjimat, D.A. 1996. Pembelajaran Pemecahan Masalah. Tinjauan Singkat Berdasar Teori Kognitif. Jurnal Pendidikan Himaniora dan Sains @ (1&2). hlm. 24-32.
Smith, C. A. 1995. Features section: problem based learning. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Journal. 23 (3), 149-152.
Susan, Imel. 2002. Metacognitive Skills for Adult Learnin. (online). HYPERLINK "http://www.ce-" (http://www.ce te.org/ acve/docs/tia00107.pdf. Diakses 3 September 2012.
Syamsurizal, Eka Sastrawati, Muhammad Rusdi. 2011. Problem Based Learning, Strategi Metakognisi, dan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa. Univ. Jambi: Tekno-Pedagogi , vol. 1 No. 2 September 2011: 1- 14.
Tan, S. 2003. Problem Based Learning Innovation. Singapura: Cencage Learning.
Vaidya, S. R. 1999. Metacognitive Learning Strategies for Students with Learning Disabilities. Education, 120 (1), 186-191.
Wakefiel, J.F. 1992. Creative Thinking : Problem Solving Skill and The Arts Orientation. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Coorporation.
Woolfolk, A. 2008. Educational Psychology Active earn- ing Edition 10th ed. Pearson Education, Inc.
Yuan, H., et. al. 2009. Improvement of nursing students' critical thinking skills through problem-based learning in the People's Republic of China: A quasiexperimental study. Education Journal [VersiTronik]. John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
Yustina, Salwa, dkk. 2015. Penerapan Metode Pembelajaran Problem Solving Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Materi Koloid Kelas Xi Ipa Sma Negeri 4 Banjarmasin. Quantum, Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Sains, Vol.6, No.2, Oktober 2015, hlm. 108-117.
Aprianti, Vika. 2013. Pengaruh Penerapan Model Cooperative Learning Tipe Think Pair Share (TPS) Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Pembelajaran Ekonomi. UPI.repository.upi.edu.
Arrend, I. 2007. Learning To Teach Sevent Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Companies.
Anderson, Lorin W & Krathwohl, David R. 2001. Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Longman; NY.
Atmadi dan Setyaningsih. 2000. Transformasi Pendidikan. Yogyakarta : Universitas Sanata Darma.
Blakey, E., & Spence, S. 1990. Developing metacognition. Eric Reproduction Services No. ED327218. Retrieved from HYPERLINK "http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED327218.pdf" http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED327218.pdf Boekaerts, M., & Simons, P. R. (1995). Leren en instructie: Psychologie van de leerling en het leerproses.Assen: Van Gorcum.
Boekaerts, M., & Simons, P. R. 1995. Leren en instructie: Psychologie van de leerling en het leerproses.Assen: Van Gorcum.
Bransford, J., Sherwood, R., Vye, N., & Rieser, J. 1986. Teaching Thinking and Problem Solving: Researchfoundations. American Psychologist , 41 (10), 1078.
Carlson, M. P. & Bloom, I. 2005. The Cyclic Nature of Problem Solving: An emergent Multidimensional Problem Solving framework. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 58(1), 45-75.
Duch, B. J. 2001. The Power of Problem Based Learning. Virginia: Stylus Publishing.
Fatchiyah. 2016. Pengaruh Pbl Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa Kelas V Sd Se-Gugus 01 Kretek. Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar Edisi 18 Tahun ke-5 2016).
Flavell, J. H. 1981. Monitoring social cognitive enterprises: Something else that may develop in the area of social cognition. In J. H. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures (pp. 272-287). New York:: Cambridge University Press.
Gok, T. 2010. The General Assessment of Problem Solving Processes in Physics Educatioon. Gok, T. 2010.The General Assessment of Problem Solving Pr Eurasian Journal of Physics and Chemistry Education, , 2(2), 110-122.
Hafid, Abdul. 2007. Mengembangkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Melalui Teknik Problem Solving. Jurnal Iktiyar, Vol. 5, No. 3, Issn 1412-8535, Hal 126-277.
Heong, Y. M. 2011. The Level of Marzano Higher Order Thinking Skills Among Technical Education Students. International Journal of Social and humanity , Vol. 1,No. 2, July 2011, 121-125.
Hmelo-Silver CE. 2004. Problem-based learning: what and how do students learn? Educational Psychology Review. 16:235-66.
Kardi, M., & Nur, M. 2000. Pengantar pada Pengajaran dan Pengelolaan Kelas. Surabaya: Universitas Pres.
King, FJ, Ludwika Goodson, Faranak Rohani. Higher Order Thinking Skills: Definition, Teaching Strategies, Assessment. A publication of the Educational Services Program.
Knapp, Linda Roehrig & Glenn, Allen D. 1996. Restructuring Schools with Technology.Massachusettes: Ally & Bacon.
Krathwohl, D. R. 2002. A revision of Blooms Taxonomy: an overview Theory Into Practise. The Ohio State University: College of Education.
Kotze, Gary, Stephan du Toit. 2009. Metacognitive Strategies in the Teaching and Learning of Mathematics. Faculty of Education, University of the Free State.
Kuhn, D. 2000. Theory of Mind, Metacognition and Reasoning: A life-span Perspective. In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.). Childrens Reasoning and The Mind (pp. 301326). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
Limbach. B & Waugh.W. 2009. Developing Higher Level Thinking. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies: Chadron State College.
Majid, Abdul. 2013. Strategi Pembelajaran. Bandung: Rosda Karya.
Mayasari, Ria, Rabiatul Adawiyah. 2015. Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Berdasarkan Masalah Pada Pembelajaran Biologi Terhadap Hasil Belajar dan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Di Sma. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia, Volume 1 Nomor 3 2015, : 2442-3750, Hal. 255-262).
Mayer, R. 1998. Cognitive, Metacognitive, and Motivational Aspets of Problem Solving. Instructionalscience, 26 (1-2), 49-63.
Noma, Luciana Dewi, dkk. 2016. PBL Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa Kelas X Sma. Jurnal Bioedukasi, Volume 9, Nomor 2, ISSN: 1693-265X, Agustus 2016 Hal. 62-66).
Nur, Muhammad. 2011. Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Masalah. Surabaya: Universitas Negeri Surabaya.
Nurdin, Syafrududdin, Adriatoni. 2016. Kurikulum dan Pembelajaran. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
O'Neil, H.F., & Schacter, J. 1997. Test Specifications for Problem Solving Assessment. Center for the Study of Evaluation, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing. Graduate Schoolof Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles.
Prasetyani, Etika, Yusuf Hartono, dan Ely Susanti. 2016. Kemampuan Berpikir Tingkat TinggiSiswa Kelas XI dalam Pembelajaran rigonometri Berbasis Masalah Di Sma Negeri 18 Palembang. Jurnal Gantang Pendidikan Matematika Fkip - Umrah, Vol. 1 No. 1, Agustus 2016, P-Issn. 2503-0671, E-Issn. 2548-5547.
Rokhman, Ayla Yuli. 2014. Perbandingan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dan Problem solving Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Pada Materi Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup Siswa XI IPS MAN 3 Malang. Skripsi, Jurusan Pendidikan Geografi FIS Universitas Negeri Malang.
Sani, R. A. 2016. Penilaian Autentik. Jakarta: Bumi Akasara.
Sanjaya, W. 2007. Strategi Pembelajaran. Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia: Kencana Prenada Media Group.
Sudiarta, P. 2006. Pengembangan model pembelajaran berorientasi pemecahan masalah open-ended berbantuan LKM untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep dan hasil belajar mahasiswa matakuliah pengantar dasar Matematika.Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran UNDIKSHA 39 Nomor 2, April 2006. Singaraja: UNDIKSHA.
Sudjana. I.W. 2002. Pengaruh Jenis Pendekatan Pembelajaran dan Tingkat Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Terhadap Perolehan Belajar IPS pada Siswa Kelas VI SD 17 Dauh Puri Denpasar. Malang: PPS UM. Tesis Tidak Diterbitkan.
Sudjimat, D.A. 1996. Pembelajaran Pemecahan Masalah. Tinjauan Singkat Berdasar Teori Kognitif. Jurnal Pendidikan Himaniora dan Sains @ (1&2). hlm. 24-32.
Smith, C. A. 1995. Features section: problem based learning. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Journal. 23 (3), 149-152.
Susan, Imel. 2002. Metacognitive Skills for Adult Learnin. (online). HYPERLINK "http://www.ce-" (http://www.ce te.org/ acve/docs/tia00107.pdf. Diakses 3 September 2012.
Syamsurizal, Eka Sastrawati, Muhammad Rusdi. 2011. Problem Based Learning, Strategi Metakognisi, dan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Siswa. Univ. Jambi: Tekno-Pedagogi , vol. 1 No. 2 September 2011: 1- 14.
Tan, S. 2003. Problem Based Learning Innovation. Singapura: Cencage Learning.
Vaidya, S. R. 1999. Metacognitive Learning Strategies for Students with Learning Disabilities. Education, 120 (1), 186-191.
Wakefiel, J.F. 1992. Creative Thinking : Problem Solving Skill and The Arts Orientation. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Coorporation.
Woolfolk, A. 2008. Educational Psychology Active earn- ing Edition 10th ed. Pearson Education, Inc.
Yuan, H., et. al. 2009. Improvement of nursing students' critical thinking skills through problem-based learning in the People's Republic of China: A quasiexperimental study. Education Journal [VersiTronik]. John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
Yustina, Salwa, dkk. 2015. Penerapan Metode Pembelajaran Problem Solving Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Materi Koloid Kelas Xi Ipa Sma Negeri 4 Banjarmasin. Quantum, Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Sains, Vol.6, No.2, Oktober 2015, hlm. 108-117.
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2017-05-26
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Sucipto, S. (2017). Pengembangan Ketrampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi dengan Menggunakan Strategi Metakognitif Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning. JP (Jurnal Pendidikan) : Teori Dan Praktik, 2(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.26740/jp.v2n1.p77-85
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