Blockchain-Based Halal Traceability: A Human Rights Framework for Muslim Consumer Protection in Indonesia and Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v8n2.p741-774Abstract
The digitalization of halal supply chains creates legal challenges concerning traceability, consumer protection, and cross-border integrity in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study examines the legal position and integration of blockchain as a state’s positive obligation tool to fulfill Muslim consumers’ right to information and freedom of religion, while proposing an ideal regulatory framework. Using normative legal research with comparative and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes primary and secondary legal materials qualitatively. The findings indicate a regulatory gap concerning the evidentiary status of blockchain data and fragmented traceability governance, which undermines the proactive protection of consumers' spiritual and information rights. Functional harmonization rooted in a human rights framework is proposed to strengthen legal certainty, public verification rights, institutional accountability, and cross-border halal supply-chain integrity without replacing existing certification authorities
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