Mediation and Arbitration Reform in Healthcare Business Disputes for Human Rights: Indonesian and the United Arab Emirates Perspectives
Abstract
The commercialization of healthcare services has increased the use of mediation and arbitration to resolve medical business disputes, raising concerns regarding the protection of the right to health within private dispute resolution mechanisms. This study examines the regulation and implementation of mediation and arbitration in Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates through the framework of the UNGPs and formulates an ideal legal reform model. Employing normative legal research with comparative and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes legislation, international instruments, and relevant legal doctrines. The findings reveal that both jurisdictions prioritize procedural efficiency over human rights protection. The study proposes a Rights-Based ADR Model integrating UNGPs, institutional independence, human rights due diligence, limited transparency, and culturally responsive dispute resolution to strengthen effective access to remedies and balance patients' rights with commercial interests
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