Radicalization: The Misconception of Religious Practices in Diversity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v4n1.p49-65Keywords:
diversity, religious practice, radicalizationAbstract
Diversity is a necessity that cannot be denied by anyone, diversity that is based on true differences should be responded to with an attitude of tolerance and view that all differences are the nature of life. However, a handful of people in the name of religion actually see diversity as a threat that is very counter to their views so that with the frontal dare to call for war against these differences. Diversity and religious life is a concept that not only cares for fellow human beings but also respects and protects what God has created as a form of obedience. Seeing from a number of radical groups acting in the name of religion and carrying out extreme actions, this article seeks to reveal how Islamic organizations view the problem. By using a qualitative approach and phenomenology technique, which was carried out through in-depth interviews with 5 informants with the background of the organization's organizers it was found that there were three phases of a person behaving radically. But in this article more emphasis on the first phase, namely sensitivity, because this phase is seen as a channel for the formation of radical ideology in a person. Expected implications, social awareness can be formed that radicalism can actually be prevented from the beginning, with the right approach and method, as described in this articleReferences
Ahmad, F. and J. Monaghan. 2019. Mapping Criminological Engagements within Radicalization Studies. British Journal of Criminology, 59(6), 12881308. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz023
Alamilla, S. G., B. S. K. Kim, T. Walker, and F. R. Sisson. 2017. Acculturation, Enculturation, Perceived Racism, and Psychological Symptoms Among Asian American College Students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 45(1), 3765. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12062
Arshad-Ayaz, A. and M. A. Naseem. 2017. Creating œInvited Spaces for Counter-Radicalization and Counter-Extremism Education. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 11(1), 616.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2016.1258695
Borum, R., and T. D. Patterson. 2019. Juvenile Radicalization Into Violent Extremism: Investigative and Research Perspectives. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(12), 11421148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.932
Bos, K. van den. 2020. Unfairness and Radicalization. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 563588. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050953
Campbell, J. C. and G. H. Jansen. 1980. Militant Islam. In Foreign Affairs (Vol. 58). https://doi.org/10.2307/20040558
Cohen, S. J., A. Kruglanskib, M. J. Gelfand, D. Webber, and R. Gunaratna. 2018. Al-Qaedas propaganda decoded: A psycholinguistic system for detecting variations in terrorism ideology. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(1), 142171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165214
Crone, M. 2016. Radicalization revisited: Violence, politics and the skills of the body. International Affairs, 92(3), 587604. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12604
Doosje, B., F. M. Moghaddam, A. W. Kruglanski, A. De Wolf, L. Mann, and A. R. Feddes. 2016. Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11(October), 7984.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008
Eerten, J.-J. Van, B. Doosje, E. Konijn, B. De Graaf, M. De, G. Colophon, and B. Doosje. 2017. The role of counter-narratives in prevention of radicalization and de-radicalization. (September), 152. Retrieved from https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/2607_Volledige_Tekst_tcm28-286136.pdf
Ferguson, N., and James W McAuley. 2019. Radicalization or Reaction: Understanding Engagement in Violent Extremism in Northern Ireland. Political Psychology, 0(0), 116. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12618
Fortier, A. M. 2008. Multicultural horizons: Diversity and the limits of the civil nation. In Multicultural Horizons: Diversity and the Limits of the Civil Nation. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935705
Fuad, M. 2004. Islam, modernity and Muhammadiyahs educational Programme. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 5(3), 400414. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464937042000288697
Greenberg, K. J. 2016. Counter-Radicalization via the Internet. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 165179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216672635
Holt, T. J., Freilich, J. D., Chermak, S. M., Mills, C., and Silva, J. 2019. Loners, Colleagues, or Peers? Assessing the Social Organization of Radicalization. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(1), 83105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-018-9439-5
Jensen, M. A., A. Atwell Seate, and P.A. James. 2018. Radicalization to Violence: A Pathway Approach to Studying Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1442330
Khosrokhavar, F. 2017. Radicalization, Why Some People Chooce The Path of Violence.
Klausen, J., S. Campion, N. Needle, G. Nguyen, and R. Libretti. 2016. Research Note: Toward a Behavioral Model of œHomegrown Radicalization Trajectories. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 39(1), 6783. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1099995
Klausen, J., Libretti, R., Hung, B. W. K., and Jayasumana, A. P. 2018. Radicalization Trajectories: An Evidence-Based Computational Approach to Dynamic Risk Assessment of œHomegrown Jihadists. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 0(0), 128. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1492819
Kruglanski, A., K. Jasko, D. Webber, M. Chernikova, and Molinario, E. 2018. The making of violent extremists. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 107120. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000144
Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., and Gunaratna, R. 2014. The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Political Psychology, 35(SUPPL.1), 6993.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163
McCauley, C., and Moskalenko, S. 2008. Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367
Misiak, B., J. Samochowiec, K. Bhui, M. Schouler-Ocak, H. Demunter, L. Kuey, G. Dom. 2019. A systematic review on the relationship between mental health, radicalization and mass violence. European Psychiatry, 56, 5159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.005
Neumann, K., F. Arendt, and P. Baugut. 2018. News and Islamist Radicalization Processes: Investigating Muslims Perceptions of Negative News Coverage of Islam. Mass Communication and Society, 5436, 126. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1430832
Pemberton, P. L. 1952. Sociology of religion. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 20(1), 2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/20.1.27
Porta, D. Della. 2018. Radicalization: A Relational Perspective. Annual Review of Political Science, 21(1), 461474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042716-102314
Schwartz, D. L. 2016. Discourses of Religious Violence and Christian Charity: The Christianization of Syria in Jacob of Sarugs On the Fall of the Idols. In Motions of Late Antiquity: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Society in Honour of Peter Brown (pp. 129149).
Sharma, R., and S. Monteiro. 2016. Creating Social Change¯: The Ultimate Goal of Education for Sustainability. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(1), 7277. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.621
Sheffield, Eric C.. 2016. Toward Radicalizing Community Service Learning. Vol 51 (1) 45-56.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2014.983637
Sieckelinck, S., E. Sikkens, M. Van San, S. Kotnis, and M. De Winter. 2017. Transitional Journeys Into and Out of Extremism. A Biographical Approach. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 0731(November), 121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1407075
Soliman, A., T. Bellaj, and M. Khelifa. 2016. An integrative psychological model for radicalism: Evidence from structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 127133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.039
Speckhard, A., and A. S. H. A. Jkovci. 2018. The Balkan Jihad Recruitment to Violent Extremism and Issues Facing Returning Foreign Fighters in Kosovo and Southern Serbia ANNE. Vol 101(2)
Webber, D., and A. W. Kruglanski,. 2018. The social psychological makings of a terrorist. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 131134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.024
Alamilla, S. G., B. S. K. Kim, T. Walker, and F. R. Sisson. 2017. Acculturation, Enculturation, Perceived Racism, and Psychological Symptoms Among Asian American College Students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 45(1), 3765. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12062
Arshad-Ayaz, A. and M. A. Naseem. 2017. Creating œInvited Spaces for Counter-Radicalization and Counter-Extremism Education. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 11(1), 616.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2016.1258695
Borum, R., and T. D. Patterson. 2019. Juvenile Radicalization Into Violent Extremism: Investigative and Research Perspectives. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 58(12), 11421148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2019.07.932
Bos, K. van den. 2020. Unfairness and Radicalization. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 563588. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050953
Campbell, J. C. and G. H. Jansen. 1980. Militant Islam. In Foreign Affairs (Vol. 58). https://doi.org/10.2307/20040558
Cohen, S. J., A. Kruglanskib, M. J. Gelfand, D. Webber, and R. Gunaratna. 2018. Al-Qaedas propaganda decoded: A psycholinguistic system for detecting variations in terrorism ideology. Terrorism and Political Violence, 30(1), 142171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165214
Crone, M. 2016. Radicalization revisited: Violence, politics and the skills of the body. International Affairs, 92(3), 587604. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12604
Doosje, B., F. M. Moghaddam, A. W. Kruglanski, A. De Wolf, L. Mann, and A. R. Feddes. 2016. Terrorism, radicalization and de-radicalization. Current Opinion in Psychology, 11(October), 7984.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.008
Eerten, J.-J. Van, B. Doosje, E. Konijn, B. De Graaf, M. De, G. Colophon, and B. Doosje. 2017. The role of counter-narratives in prevention of radicalization and de-radicalization. (September), 152. Retrieved from https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/2607_Volledige_Tekst_tcm28-286136.pdf
Ferguson, N., and James W McAuley. 2019. Radicalization or Reaction: Understanding Engagement in Violent Extremism in Northern Ireland. Political Psychology, 0(0), 116. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12618
Fortier, A. M. 2008. Multicultural horizons: Diversity and the limits of the civil nation. In Multicultural Horizons: Diversity and the Limits of the Civil Nation. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203935705
Fuad, M. 2004. Islam, modernity and Muhammadiyahs educational Programme. Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 5(3), 400414. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464937042000288697
Greenberg, K. J. 2016. Counter-Radicalization via the Internet. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 668(1), 165179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216672635
Holt, T. J., Freilich, J. D., Chermak, S. M., Mills, C., and Silva, J. 2019. Loners, Colleagues, or Peers? Assessing the Social Organization of Radicalization. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(1), 83105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-018-9439-5
Jensen, M. A., A. Atwell Seate, and P.A. James. 2018. Radicalization to Violence: A Pathway Approach to Studying Extremism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 124. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1442330
Khosrokhavar, F. 2017. Radicalization, Why Some People Chooce The Path of Violence.
Klausen, J., S. Campion, N. Needle, G. Nguyen, and R. Libretti. 2016. Research Note: Toward a Behavioral Model of œHomegrown Radicalization Trajectories. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 39(1), 6783. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1099995
Klausen, J., Libretti, R., Hung, B. W. K., and Jayasumana, A. P. 2018. Radicalization Trajectories: An Evidence-Based Computational Approach to Dynamic Risk Assessment of œHomegrown Jihadists. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 0(0), 128. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1492819
Kruglanski, A., K. Jasko, D. Webber, M. Chernikova, and Molinario, E. 2018. The making of violent extremists. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 107120. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000144
Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M. J., Bélanger, J. J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., and Gunaratna, R. 2014. The psychology of radicalization and deradicalization: How significance quest impacts violent extremism. Political Psychology, 35(SUPPL.1), 6993.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12163
McCauley, C., and Moskalenko, S. 2008. Mechanisms of political radicalization: Pathways toward terrorism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 20(3), 415433. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550802073367
Misiak, B., J. Samochowiec, K. Bhui, M. Schouler-Ocak, H. Demunter, L. Kuey, G. Dom. 2019. A systematic review on the relationship between mental health, radicalization and mass violence. European Psychiatry, 56, 5159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.005
Neumann, K., F. Arendt, and P. Baugut. 2018. News and Islamist Radicalization Processes: Investigating Muslims Perceptions of Negative News Coverage of Islam. Mass Communication and Society, 5436, 126. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2018.1430832
Pemberton, P. L. 1952. Sociology of religion. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 20(1), 2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/20.1.27
Porta, D. Della. 2018. Radicalization: A Relational Perspective. Annual Review of Political Science, 21(1), 461474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042716-102314
Schwartz, D. L. 2016. Discourses of Religious Violence and Christian Charity: The Christianization of Syria in Jacob of Sarugs On the Fall of the Idols. In Motions of Late Antiquity: Essays on Religion, Politics, and Society in Honour of Peter Brown (pp. 129149).
Sharma, R., and S. Monteiro. 2016. Creating Social Change¯: The Ultimate Goal of Education for Sustainability. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 6(1), 7277. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJSSH.2016.V6.621
Sheffield, Eric C.. 2016. Toward Radicalizing Community Service Learning. Vol 51 (1) 45-56.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00131946.2014.983637
Sieckelinck, S., E. Sikkens, M. Van San, S. Kotnis, and M. De Winter. 2017. Transitional Journeys Into and Out of Extremism. A Biographical Approach. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 0731(November), 121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1407075
Soliman, A., T. Bellaj, and M. Khelifa. 2016. An integrative psychological model for radicalism: Evidence from structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 95, 127133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.039
Speckhard, A., and A. S. H. A. Jkovci. 2018. The Balkan Jihad Recruitment to Violent Extremism and Issues Facing Returning Foreign Fighters in Kosovo and Southern Serbia ANNE. Vol 101(2)
Webber, D., and A. W. Kruglanski,. 2018. The social psychological makings of a terrorist. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 131134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.024
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
2020-04-20
How to Cite
Komariah, S. (2020). Radicalization: The Misconception of Religious Practices in Diversity. The Journal of Society and Media, 4(1), 49–65. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v4n1.p49-65
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Abstract views: 2188
,
PDF Downloads: 1540
, PDF Downloads: 0
