The Liability of Clubs and Match Organizers for Racist Acts by Fans in Professional Soccer: A Legal Analysis of the Valencia Case Involving Vinicius Junior

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the legal resolution of racist acts in soccer, focusing on the case of Vinícius Júnior in Spain and the racist incident during the match between Persiku Kudus and Persipura Jayapura in Indonesia. The methodology employed is a normative legal approach using case studies and an analysis of both international and national regulations. The results of the study show that in the case of Vinícius Júnior, the racist actions of supporters resulted in a prison sentence for the perpetrator under Spanish Criminal Law, but revealed systemic negligence on the part of the club and organizers in providing a swift response on the field. Meanwhile, in Indonesia, the 2026 competition racism case was resolved through PSSI disciplinary mechanisms, resulting in administrative fines and a spectator ban for the home club. This study concludes that the main obstacle in addressing racism does not lie in a legal vacuum, but rather in delays in implementation and weak coordination among stakeholders. Strengthening real-time protocols and enforcing stricter sanctions are necessary to uphold the integrity and human values of soccer.