Mangrove-Derived Nanomaterials: Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Abstract

Nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their unique physicochemical properties, which differ substantially from those bulk materials and enable diverse applications in biomedical, environmental, and industrial fields. However, conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods often involve hazardous chemicals, high energy consumption, and environmentally harmful byproducts. Green synthesis has emerged as s sustainable alternative by utilizing biological resources as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. Among these resources, mangrove ecosystems represent promising source of biomass because of their abundance, rich phytochemical composition, and ecological significance. This review highlights the potential of mangrove-derived materials for green synthesis of nanomaterials and discusses their ecological importance, phytochemical constituents, and roles in nanoparticle formations. Various mangrove species contain bioactive compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and terpenoids, which facilitate the synthesis and stabilization of nanoparticles while enhancing their functional properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that mangrove-mediated nanomaterial exhibit promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, catalityc, and environmental remediation activities. Furthermore, the utilization of mangrove biomass and its residues contribute to sustainable resource managements and support circular bioeconomy principles. Despite these advantages, challenges related to synthesis standardization, mechanistic understanding, toxicity evaluation, and large-scale production remain to be addressed. Future research focusing on process optimization and practical implementation is essential to advance the development of mangrove-based nanomaterial. Overall, mangrove ecosystems offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly platform for green nanotechnology, providing opportunities for innovative applications while promoting environmental conservation.