Parental Mediation of Childrens Risky Experiences with Digital Media
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v4n2.p298-318Keywords:
children, digital, parents, parental mediation, risksAbstract
Childrens use of digital media is associated with risky experiences, a situation warranting parental mediation. Previous studies on parental mediation of childrens digital media use, conducted in advanced countries in Europe, America and Asia with rich experiences of childrens digital media use, examined only specific risks and rarely focused on effectiveness of the mediation strategies adopted. The present study investigated parental mediation of childrens risky experiences with digital media in an African setting, focused on four categories of risks and measured the effectiveness of adopted mediation strategies. Objectives of the study were to identify the mediation strategies parents applied in mediating risks (conduct, content, contact and commercial) encountered by children in the use of digital media, and ascertain the consequences of the mediation strategies. The study, a survey, used a sample of 265 parents drawn from a population 863 academic and non-academic staff members of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai, Niger State, Nigeria. Parental Knowledge and Intervention in Childrens Risky Experiences with Digital Media Questionnaire (PKICREDMQ), designed by the researchers, and successfully scaled through validity and reliability tests, was used to generate data. Findings revealed that the parents adopted mainly two mediation strategies restrictive and activeReferences
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Banaji, Shakuntala, and David Buckingham. 2013. œYoung People, the Internet and Civic Participation: An Overview of Key Findings from the Civicweb Project. International Journal of Learning and Media 2(1): 1524. Retrieved (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/29543/1/Young_People_the_Internet_and_Civic_Participation(publisher).pdf).
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Chang, Fong-Ching, Chiung-Hui Chiu, Nae-Fang Miao, Ping-Hung Chen, Ching-Mei Lee, Jeng-Tung Chiang, and Ying-Chung Pan. 2015. œThe Relationship between Parental Mediation and Internet Addiction among Adolescents and the Association with Cyberbullying and Depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 57: 2128. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013.
Chang, Fong-Ching, Chiung-Hui Chiu, Ping-Hung Chen, Jeng-Tung Chiang, Nae-Fong Miao, Hung-Yi Chuang, and Shumei Liu. 2019. œChildrens Use of Mobile Devices, Smartphone Addiction and Parental Mediation in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior 93: 2532. https://doi.org10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048
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Clark, Lynn S. 2011. œParental Mediation Theory for the Digital Age. Communication Theory 21(4): 323343. Doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x.
Collins, Rebecca A., Victor C. Strasburger, Jane D. Brown, Edward Donnerstein, Amanda Lenhart, and Monique Ward. 2017. œSexual Media and Childhood Wellbeing and Health. Pediatrics 140(S2): S162S166. Doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758X
Dincer, Serkan. 2012. œA Study of the Relationship between Pupils and Parents Computer Literacy Level and Use. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 46(2012): 484489. Doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.149
Durak, Aykut and Huseyin Kaygin. 2020. œParental Mediation of Young childrens Internet Use: Adaptation of Parental Mediation Scale and Review of Parental Mediation based on the Demographic Variables and Digital Data Security Awareness. Education and Information Technologies 25: 22752296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10079-1
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Guo, Wenxiu, and Amy I. Nathanson. 2011. œThe Effects of Parental Mediation of Sexual Content on the Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Adolescents in the US. Journal of Children and the Media 5: 358378. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17482798.2011.587141.
Hinduja, Sameer, and Justin W. Patchin. 2010. œBullying, Cyberbullying, and Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research 14(3): 2062021. doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494133.
Ho, Derrick, and Melody Zaccheus. 2012. œAlarm over Population Facebook Groups. The Straits Times, October 23, pp. B1B2. Retrieved (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/issue/straitstimes20121023-1).
Kemp, Simon. 2018. œDigital in 2018: Worlds Internet Users Pass the 4 Billion Mark. Retrieved (wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018).
Krejcie, Robert V., and Daryle W. Morgan. 1970. œDetermining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement 30: 607-610. Retrieved (https://home.kku.ac.th/sompong/guest_speaker/KrejcieandMorgan_article.pdf).
Kur, Jude T., and Coleman F. Essien. 2014. œParental Mediation of Childrens Cell Phone Use: Motives, Strategies and Effects. Asian Congress for Media and Communication 2014 Conference Proceedings. Retrieved (www.asianmediacongress.org/2014Confab-B.htm).
Kur, Jude T., Joan W. Kolo, and Martha M. Iorpagher. 2019. œParental Controls and Mediation of Childrens Digital Media Use: A Study of Parents at Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Journal of Mobile Computing and Application 6(6): 111. DOI: 10.9790/0050-06060111.
Kur, Jude T., John A. Orhewere and Fabian I. Agudosy. 2011. œParental Involvement and Mediation of Childrens TV Viewing. International Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (4): 1126.
Kur, Jude T., Martha M. Iorpagher, and Bernard B. Melladu. 2019. œNew Media Technologies and Political Socialization of Children: The Exigency of Parental Mediation. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 24(12) Series 5: 616. DOI: 10.9790/0837-2412050616.
Lemola, Sakari, Nadine Perkinson-Gloor, Serge Brand, Julia F. Dewald-Kaufmann, and Alexander Grob. 2015. œAdolescents Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44(2): 405418. doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x.
Lippold, Melissa. A., Mark T. Greenberg, John W. Graham, and Mark E. Feinberg. 2014. œUnpacking the Effect of Parental Monitoring on Early Adolescent Problem Behavior: Mediation by Parental Knowledge and Moderation by Parent-Youth Warmth. Journal of Family Issues 35: 18001823. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13484120.
Livingstone, Sonia, and Ellen J. Helsper. 2008. œParental Mediation of Childrens Internet Use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 52(4): 581599. doi:10.1080/088381 50802437396.
Livingstone, Sonia, Giovanna Mascheroni, and Elisabeth Staksrud. 2017. œEuropean Research on Childrens Internet Use: Assessing the Past, Anticipating the Future. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816685930.
Livingstone, Sonia, Giovanna Mascheroni, Michael Dreier, Stephane Chaudron, and Kaat Lagae. 2015. How Parents of Young Children Manage Digital Devices at Home: The Role of Home Income, Education and Parental Style. London, UK: EU Kids Online, LSE. Retrieved (https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EUKidsIV/PDF/Parentalmediation.pdf).
Livingstone, Sonia, Kjarton Olafsson, Ellen J. Helsper, Francisco Lupianez-Villanueva, Giuseppe A. Veltri, and Frans Folkvord. 2017. œMaximizing Opportunities and Minimizing Risks for Children Online: The Role of Digital Skills in Emerging Strategies of Parental Mediation. Journal of Communication 67(1): 82105. doi:10.1111/jcom.12277.
Lwin, May O., Andrea J. S. Stanaland, and Anthony D. Miyazaki. 2008. œProtecting Childrens Privacy Online: How Parental Mediation Strategies affect Website Safeguard Effectiveness. Journal of Retailing. doi10.1016/j.jretai.2008.04.004.
Mesch, Gustavo O. 2009. œParental Mediation, Online Activities, and Cyberbullying. CyberPsychology & Behavior 12(4): 387393. doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0068.
Moreno, Megan A., Adrienne Ton, Ellen Selkie, and Yolande Evans. 2016. œSecret Society 123: Understanding the Language of Self-Harm on Instagram. Journal of Adolescent Health 58(1): 7884. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.015.
Nathanson, Amy I. 1999. œIdentifying and Explaining the Relationship between Parental Mediation and Childrens Aggression." Communication Research 26(6): 124143.
Nikken, Peter, and Jeroen Jansz. 2006. œParental Mediation of Childrens Videogame Playing: A Comparison of the Reports by Parents and Children. Learning, Media and Technology 31(2): 181202. doi:10.1080/17439880600756803.
Nikken, Peter, and Jeroen Jansz. 2014. œDeveloping Scales to Measure Parental Mediation of Young Children's Internet Use. Learning, Media and Technology 39 (2): 250266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.782038.
Rasmussen, Eric E., Rebecca R. Ortiz, and Shawna R. White. 2015. œEmerging Adult Responses to Active Mediation of Pornography during Adolescence. Journal of Children and Media 9(2): 160 176. Doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.997769.
Robert, Lindsay, Helena M. McAnally, and Robert J. Hancox. 2013. œTelevision Viewing and Antisocial Behaviour in Early Adulthood. Pediatrics 131(3): 439446. DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-1582
Sasson, Hagit, and Gustavo Mesch. 2014. œParental Mediation, Peer Norms and Risky Online Behaviour among Adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior 33(2014): 3238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025.
Shin, Wonsun, Jisu Huh, and Ronald J. Faber. 2012. œTweens Online Privacy Risks and the Role of Parental Mediation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56(4): 3741. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838151.2012.732135.
Smahelova, Martina, Dana Juhova, Ivo Cermak, and David Smahel. 2017. œMediation of Young Childrens Digital Technology Use. The Parents Perspectives. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research in Cyberspace 11(3): 17. https://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cp2017-3-4.
Tripp, Lisa M. 2011. œThe Computer is not for You to be Looking Around, it is for Schoolwork: Challenges for Digital Inclusion as Latino Immigrant Families Negotiate Childrens Access to the Internet. New Media & Society 13(4): 552567. Doi: 10.1177/1461444810375293.
Valkenburg, Patti M., Marina Krcmar, Allerd L. Peeters, and Nies M. Marseille. 1999. œDeveloping a Scale to assess Three Styles of Television Mediation: Instructive Mediation, Restrictive Mediation, and Social Coviewing. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 43(1): 5267. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364474.
Warren, Ron. (2005). œParental Mediation of Childrens Television Viewing in Low-Income Families. Journal of Communication 55(1): 847863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03026.x.
Watkins, Jon. 2019. œAfrica: A Digital Coming of Age. Retrieved (whatsnewinpublishing.com/Africa-a-digital-coming-of-age).
Bako, Rozalia K., and Gyongyver E. Tokes. 2018. œParental Mediation and Romanian Young Childrens Digital Practices. Revista roman de sociologie XXIX (12): 2336. Retrieved (https://www.revistadesociologie.ro/sites/default/files/03-rozalia_bun.pdf).
Banaji, Shakuntala, and David Buckingham. 2013. œYoung People, the Internet and Civic Participation: An Overview of Key Findings from the Civicweb Project. International Journal of Learning and Media 2(1): 1524. Retrieved (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/29543/1/Young_People_the_Internet_and_Civic_Participation(publisher).pdf).
Blum-Ross, Alicia, and Sonia Livingstone. 2016. Families and Screen Time: Current Advice and Emerging Research. Media Policy Brief 17. London: Media Policy Project, London School of Economics. Retrieved (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/66927/1/Policy%20Brief%2017%20Families%20%20Screen%20Time.pdf).
Bottino, Sara M., Cassio M. C. Bottino, Caroline G. Regina, Aline Villa L. Correia, and Wagner S. Ribeiro. 2015. œCyberbullying and Adolescent Mental Health: Systematic Review, Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2: 463475. doi:10.1590/0102-311×00036114.
Bruni, Oliviero, Stefanie Sette, Lilybeth Fontanesi, Roberto Baiocco, and Fiorenzo Laghi. 2015. œTechnology Use and Sleep Quality in Pre-Adolescence and Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 11(12): 14331441. Retrieved (https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/pmc4661336).
Chang, Fong-Ching, Chiung-Hui Chiu, Nae-Fang Miao, Ping-Hung Chen, Ching-Mei Lee, Jeng-Tung Chiang, and Ying-Chung Pan. 2015. œThe Relationship between Parental Mediation and Internet Addiction among Adolescents and the Association with Cyberbullying and Depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry 57: 2128. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.11.013.
Chang, Fong-Ching, Chiung-Hui Chiu, Ping-Hung Chen, Jeng-Tung Chiang, Nae-Fong Miao, Hung-Yi Chuang, and Shumei Liu. 2019. œChildrens Use of Mobile Devices, Smartphone Addiction and Parental Mediation in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior 93: 2532. https://doi.org10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.048
Chassiakos, Yolanda Linda R., Jenny Rodesky, Dimitri Christakis, Megan A. Moreno, and Corinn Cross. 2016. œChildren and Adolescents and Digital Media. Pediatrics 138: 3-11. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2593.
Clark, Lynn S. 2011. œParental Mediation Theory for the Digital Age. Communication Theory 21(4): 323343. Doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x.
Collins, Rebecca A., Victor C. Strasburger, Jane D. Brown, Edward Donnerstein, Amanda Lenhart, and Monique Ward. 2017. œSexual Media and Childhood Wellbeing and Health. Pediatrics 140(S2): S162S166. Doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758X
Dincer, Serkan. 2012. œA Study of the Relationship between Pupils and Parents Computer Literacy Level and Use. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 46(2012): 484489. Doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.149
Durak, Aykut and Huseyin Kaygin. 2020. œParental Mediation of Young childrens Internet Use: Adaptation of Parental Mediation Scale and Review of Parental Mediation based on the Demographic Variables and Digital Data Security Awareness. Education and Information Technologies 25: 22752296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10079-1
Goh, Wendy L., Sussana Bay, and Vivian H. Chen. 2015. œYoung School Childrens Use of Digital Devices and Parental Rules. Telematics and Informatics 32(4): 787795. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2015.04.002.
Guo, Wenxiu, and Amy I. Nathanson. 2011. œThe Effects of Parental Mediation of Sexual Content on the Sexual Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviours of Adolescents in the US. Journal of Children and the Media 5: 358378. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17482798.2011.587141.
Hinduja, Sameer, and Justin W. Patchin. 2010. œBullying, Cyberbullying, and Suicide. Archives of Suicide Research 14(3): 2062021. doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494133.
Ho, Derrick, and Melody Zaccheus. 2012. œAlarm over Population Facebook Groups. The Straits Times, October 23, pp. B1B2. Retrieved (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/issue/straitstimes20121023-1).
Kemp, Simon. 2018. œDigital in 2018: Worlds Internet Users Pass the 4 Billion Mark. Retrieved (wearesocial.com/blog/2018/01/global-digital-report-2018).
Krejcie, Robert V., and Daryle W. Morgan. 1970. œDetermining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement 30: 607-610. Retrieved (https://home.kku.ac.th/sompong/guest_speaker/KrejcieandMorgan_article.pdf).
Kur, Jude T., and Coleman F. Essien. 2014. œParental Mediation of Childrens Cell Phone Use: Motives, Strategies and Effects. Asian Congress for Media and Communication 2014 Conference Proceedings. Retrieved (www.asianmediacongress.org/2014Confab-B.htm).
Kur, Jude T., Joan W. Kolo, and Martha M. Iorpagher. 2019. œParental Controls and Mediation of Childrens Digital Media Use: A Study of Parents at Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria. Journal of Mobile Computing and Application 6(6): 111. DOI: 10.9790/0050-06060111.
Kur, Jude T., John A. Orhewere and Fabian I. Agudosy. 2011. œParental Involvement and Mediation of Childrens TV Viewing. International Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (4): 1126.
Kur, Jude T., Martha M. Iorpagher, and Bernard B. Melladu. 2019. œNew Media Technologies and Political Socialization of Children: The Exigency of Parental Mediation. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 24(12) Series 5: 616. DOI: 10.9790/0837-2412050616.
Lemola, Sakari, Nadine Perkinson-Gloor, Serge Brand, Julia F. Dewald-Kaufmann, and Alexander Grob. 2015. œAdolescents Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 44(2): 405418. doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x.
Lippold, Melissa. A., Mark T. Greenberg, John W. Graham, and Mark E. Feinberg. 2014. œUnpacking the Effect of Parental Monitoring on Early Adolescent Problem Behavior: Mediation by Parental Knowledge and Moderation by Parent-Youth Warmth. Journal of Family Issues 35: 18001823. doi: 10.1177/0192513X13484120.
Livingstone, Sonia, and Ellen J. Helsper. 2008. œParental Mediation of Childrens Internet Use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 52(4): 581599. doi:10.1080/088381 50802437396.
Livingstone, Sonia, Giovanna Mascheroni, and Elisabeth Staksrud. 2017. œEuropean Research on Childrens Internet Use: Assessing the Past, Anticipating the Future. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816685930.
Livingstone, Sonia, Giovanna Mascheroni, Michael Dreier, Stephane Chaudron, and Kaat Lagae. 2015. How Parents of Young Children Manage Digital Devices at Home: The Role of Home Income, Education and Parental Style. London, UK: EU Kids Online, LSE. Retrieved (https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EUKidsOnline/EUKidsIV/PDF/Parentalmediation.pdf).
Livingstone, Sonia, Kjarton Olafsson, Ellen J. Helsper, Francisco Lupianez-Villanueva, Giuseppe A. Veltri, and Frans Folkvord. 2017. œMaximizing Opportunities and Minimizing Risks for Children Online: The Role of Digital Skills in Emerging Strategies of Parental Mediation. Journal of Communication 67(1): 82105. doi:10.1111/jcom.12277.
Lwin, May O., Andrea J. S. Stanaland, and Anthony D. Miyazaki. 2008. œProtecting Childrens Privacy Online: How Parental Mediation Strategies affect Website Safeguard Effectiveness. Journal of Retailing. doi10.1016/j.jretai.2008.04.004.
Mesch, Gustavo O. 2009. œParental Mediation, Online Activities, and Cyberbullying. CyberPsychology & Behavior 12(4): 387393. doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0068.
Moreno, Megan A., Adrienne Ton, Ellen Selkie, and Yolande Evans. 2016. œSecret Society 123: Understanding the Language of Self-Harm on Instagram. Journal of Adolescent Health 58(1): 7884. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.015.
Nathanson, Amy I. 1999. œIdentifying and Explaining the Relationship between Parental Mediation and Childrens Aggression." Communication Research 26(6): 124143.
Nikken, Peter, and Jeroen Jansz. 2006. œParental Mediation of Childrens Videogame Playing: A Comparison of the Reports by Parents and Children. Learning, Media and Technology 31(2): 181202. doi:10.1080/17439880600756803.
Nikken, Peter, and Jeroen Jansz. 2014. œDeveloping Scales to Measure Parental Mediation of Young Children's Internet Use. Learning, Media and Technology 39 (2): 250266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2013.782038.
Rasmussen, Eric E., Rebecca R. Ortiz, and Shawna R. White. 2015. œEmerging Adult Responses to Active Mediation of Pornography during Adolescence. Journal of Children and Media 9(2): 160 176. Doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.997769.
Robert, Lindsay, Helena M. McAnally, and Robert J. Hancox. 2013. œTelevision Viewing and Antisocial Behaviour in Early Adulthood. Pediatrics 131(3): 439446. DOI:10.1542/peds.2012-1582
Sasson, Hagit, and Gustavo Mesch. 2014. œParental Mediation, Peer Norms and Risky Online Behaviour among Adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior 33(2014): 3238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.025.
Shin, Wonsun, Jisu Huh, and Ronald J. Faber. 2012. œTweens Online Privacy Risks and the Role of Parental Mediation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56(4): 3741. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08838151.2012.732135.
Smahelova, Martina, Dana Juhova, Ivo Cermak, and David Smahel. 2017. œMediation of Young Childrens Digital Technology Use. The Parents Perspectives. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research in Cyberspace 11(3): 17. https://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cp2017-3-4.
Tripp, Lisa M. 2011. œThe Computer is not for You to be Looking Around, it is for Schoolwork: Challenges for Digital Inclusion as Latino Immigrant Families Negotiate Childrens Access to the Internet. New Media & Society 13(4): 552567. Doi: 10.1177/1461444810375293.
Valkenburg, Patti M., Marina Krcmar, Allerd L. Peeters, and Nies M. Marseille. 1999. œDeveloping a Scale to assess Three Styles of Television Mediation: Instructive Mediation, Restrictive Mediation, and Social Coviewing. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media 43(1): 5267. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838159909364474.
Warren, Ron. (2005). œParental Mediation of Childrens Television Viewing in Low-Income Families. Journal of Communication 55(1): 847863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb03026.x.
Watkins, Jon. 2019. œAfrica: A Digital Coming of Age. Retrieved (whatsnewinpublishing.com/Africa-a-digital-coming-of-age).
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2020-10-30
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James, P. A., & Kur, J. T. (2020). Parental Mediation of Childrens Risky Experiences with Digital Media. The Journal of Society and Media, 4(2), 298–318. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsm.v4n2.p298-318
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