Tolerance Practices: Between Family and Religious Solidarity (Case Study of Chinese Ethnic Communities in the City of Surabaya)

Social conflicts originating from religious differences in Indonesia often occur between adherents of different religions and followers of the same faith. Though the ethnic Chinese community in Surabaya has different religions, they can foster positive behavior by respecting, accepting, and appreciating each other. This phenomenon is different from Conflicts between adherents of different religions that occurred in Tolikara District; conflicts caused by belief (religion) also appeared in Sampang and others. This study aims to explore the problem of religious difference conflict so that there is a solution. This research uses a qualitative approach designed to study the state of objects naturally. The theory used in this study is the theory of Cultural Pluralism. The result of this research is that the Chinese have various uniqueness, especially their religious tolerance, which various minorities in other cities should emulate. For them, religion is a human right of every person, so it does not become a barrier to interacting with one another.


INTRODUCTION
Socio-culturally, the Indonesian nation is a pluralistic society with various ethnicities, cultures, and religions. A pluralistic society is formed from the unification of ethnic communities by the national system, which is usually carried out by force (Febrianto, 2011). On the other hand, this pluralism can become development capital that can be managed as a source of income (Adeney-Risakotta, 2015, p. 23), such as in the tourism industry. But on the other hand, it can also be a potential for social conflict. They must accept living together peacefully, even though they still have an identity attached to themselves, groups, or classes (Rustanto, 2015, p. 90).
Social conflict describes the dispute, strife, tension, or conflict resulting from differences that arise in people's lives, both individual and group differences (Irwandi, 2017). Social conflicts originating from religious differences in Indonesia often occur between adherents of different religions and followers of the same faith.
The emergence of stereotypes of one group against other groups of different religions usually triggers a conflict between religious communities, followed by attempts to attack each other, kill each other, and burn houses of worship and places of value for each religion (Yunus, 2014). Even though the root of the problem is not religion, religious differences often become a moderator variable for social conflict. An example of the social conflict that occurred in Poso (Alganih, I., 2006) and Ambon in 1998 involving followers of Islam and Christianity. The actual strife started with individual battles that happened to be of different religions (Islam and Christianity), then grew because of religious-based social solidarity. Even though they come from the same tribe, social solidarity based on religion is more substantial than ethnic ties. is also close. Each of them demands tolerance or considers the other to have no patience (Rosyid, 2017, p. 49) Conflicts caused by belief (religion) also occurred in Sampang Madura in 2004, namely between groups of adherents of Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jamaah and Shiites. Even though they claim to be Muslim and belong to the same ethnic group (Madura), their differences exist. The difference in understanding between the two and the lack of tolerance cause conflict (Ida Rahma, 2015).

Conflicts between adherents of different religions also occurred in Tolikara
Among the sources of social conflict caused by differences in ethnicity, custom, and culture, as well as religion, the potential for conflict originating from differences in religion is the highest. In the faith, there are beliefs about life in the afterlife (heaven and hell), so they are willing to die to defend their religious teachings (Warsono, 2022). Especially if religious differences go hand in hand with ethnic differences, the potential for conflict becomes even higher. This condition can trigger discriminatory behavior, such as SARA issues, disputes between groups, and even actions that lead to terrorism (Rado, 2016).
Tolerance is an attitude or human behavior that follows the rules, where one can respect, respect the behavior of others (Bakar 2015). Religious tolerance is one of the most critical points in the life of Indonesian people. In a plural society, there must be synergy between religious communities to respect and tolerate each other.
In the worship of each religion, there should be no discrimination, intimidation, or provocation that undermines the integrity of religious harmony (Sofinadya, 2023 The majority population in Surabaya is Javanese (83.68%). However, there are also various ethnic groups in Indonesia, such as Madurese (7.5%), Chinese W a r s o n o : T o l e r a n c e P r a c t i c e s : B e t w e e n F a m i l y a n d R e l i g i o u s S o l i d a r i t y ( C a s e S t u d y o f C h i n e s e E t h n i c C o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e C i t y o f S u r a b a y a ) | 213 (7.25%), and Arabs (2.04%). Other foreign ethnicities include Balinese, Batak, Bugis, Manado, Minangkabau, Dayak, Toraja, Ambon, and Aceh (Soedarso et al., 2013). Multiculturalism in Surabaya is caused by waves of migration and urbanization from various regions (Basundoro, 2015). Surabaya is the second big city in Indonesia and a trading center since Dutch colonialism. However, they do not discriminate between ethnicity and religion so that they can live together in harmony and beauty. Willingness to accept, trust and live together is a cultural asset to strengthen multicultural life (Soedarso, 2013, p. 65  theory discusses actions that do not rule out specific cultural identities, including minority group identities (Khotimah & Januarizal, 2017, p. 119

METHODS
This research uses a qualitative approach designed to study the state of objects naturally, with the researcher as the primary tool (Creswell, 2013, p. 35 Informants were selected by purposive sampling, which considers specific considerations (Agusta, 2003, p. 13). The informants chosen in this study were Mr.
The data collection technique uses in-depth interviews to obtain data under the research focus-analysis using data analysis techniques Miles and Huberman.
According to Emzir (2012: 37), the data obtained from the field is so large that it needs to be recorded carefully and in detail. Data reduction means summarizing, selecting points, focusing points, looking for the correct patterns, removing unwanted ones, and rearranging data. The data collected will be applied to the main research area.
In addition, data reduction and modeling are made by alternating between the two. The inference process can be done by alternating between data reduction and model inference. Then, if the data is insufficient during the closing process and conclusion, it can return to the initial data collection process to find and complete the data.
This study tests the validity of the data using source triangulation as a data validation technique to determine the accuracy and reliability of the results. Sources of data obtained from the effects of in-depth interviews, recorded interviews, and several other references such as journals and books can support the credibility and level of accuracy of the data (Sugiyono, 2011, p. 40).

Chinese New Year as an Implementation of Religious Tolerance
China has a custom of celebrating the new year and traditional festivals.

The Family Becomes a Space for Practising Religious Tolerance
To create a harmonious family, the role and function of parents is very decisive. Unhappy or disharmonious families result in a higher tendency for children to be emotionally unstable (Bakar 2018

| T h e J o u r n a l o f S o c i e t y and M e d i a 7 ( 1 )
For ethnic Chinese, family ties encourage them to develop religious tolerance. Freedom in religion has the consequence of having different faiths in one family, but differences in religion do not cause conflict. They help each other, including in carrying out worship.

Tolerance
As social beings, living together is a necessity that cannot be avoided. Even though there is an agreed-upon value system in society, they still have fundamental rights, including religion. Therefore, the diversity of beliefs in society must be addressed. The Chinese ethnic in the Chinatown village has good tolerance for religious differences, as stated by one of the respondents, …." Moreover, they are also very tolerant of religious differences in the Chinatown neighborhood where I live. It is due to long historical factors. All people here are willing to live side by side, help each other, and not be separated from the teachings of their ancestors..." (Interview 10 May 2022) The awareness to respect religious rights and to be tolerant towards followers of other religions has always been taught by ethnic Chinese families in Chinatown. They also often invite and attend events held by adherents of other religions within the family or the surrounding community. Especially within the scope of the family, a sense of kinship has been built up from generation to generation. As stated by FJ, who is a Buddhist, "...Both of my parents always taught me tolerance from an early age every day; for example, I was still told to learn the lion dance, and I still prayed at the Horse Stable, respecting my ancestors even though I was Buddhist. Moreover, my mother's family was on average Christian, so during Christmas celebrations, we congratulated each other and family gatherings to eat together because there is awareness among families of the importance of maintaining tolerance" (Interview 26 May 2022) Based on data collected from interviews, it can be analyzed that one of the ways to increase tolerance among ethnic Chinese in Surabaya is to recite interfaith prayers during religious holidays or at family events. The activity was done by the first generation of Chinese in Surabaya and passed on from generation to generation by the next generation. Through this activity, the community can W a r s o n o : T o l e r a n c e P r a c t i c e s : B e t w e e n F a m i l y a n d R e

l i g i o u s S o l i d a r i t y ( C a s e S t u d y o f C h i n e s e E t h n i c C o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e C i t y o f S u r a b a y a ) | 219
respect and appreciate each other so that there are no obstacles in carrying out activities to achieve comfort, peace, and prosperity between families.
The results of the interview above show that there is an awareness that humans, as social beings, cannot live alone without help from others. Everybody had service and interaction with each other to achieve goals. Every religion always teaches the best for its followers. In social life, one must have a sense of mutual understanding, love, and help.

y ( C a s e S t u d y o f C h i n e s e E t h n i c C o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e C i t y o f S u r a b a y a ) | 221
Apart from that, YN also behaved the same way when Christmas Day arrived; many neighbors came to her house to express tolerance, among others. is manifested in the spirit of cooperation, kinship, and not discriminating against differences.
Philip Quinn (Quinn, 2001, pp. 57-80;2002, 533-537;2005a, 136-139) argues that reflection on the reality of religious diversity can undermine perspectives that believe their religion is superior to other people's religions, resulting in religious tolerance. Thus a person will not be too aggressive toward other people's faiths and will prioritize acceptance rather than rejection. However, this statement was challenged by Alvin Plantinga (Plantinga, 1997, p. 296). He said there is no need to acknowledge that competitors of other religions are epistemically equal. Thus it is justified to maintain the perspective that religion itself is superior without seeing further reflection.
The debate about the superiority of religion, scientifically or in other ways, is unnecessary, whether epistemically superior or equal. Various philosophers also believe that individuals need more convincing that their religious viewpoint is excellent in some of these diverse perspectives. In a sense, he weakens his commitment. He assumes that epistemically they are equal and are not in a position to show that they are superior and are not justified in continuing to believe that their perspective, in reality, is excellent (Hasker, 2008). It is undeniable that this changing perspective is influenced by several important factors, one of which is a need that is more urgent than the matter at issue. There are more critical factors that can solve the problem. For the Chinese ethnic, there is an awareness that their identity is a minority ethnic group living in the area of the majority ethnic group so that they can foster a sense of togetherness, a sense of belonging, and mutual need for one another. Awareness and solidarity among ethnic minorities are stronger than seeing the differences in the religions they profess. In other words, solidarity as an ethnic minority is more vital than solidarity based on the same faith.
Discriminatory acts against minority groups in Surabaya can be said to be minimal because our ancestors have long passed down inter-religious harmony and have been adhered to by subsequent generations for generations. It is due to the long history of fellow emigrants. Ethnic Chinese respect their ancestors' teachings to maintain the family's integrity. They are also aware of their role as part of a pluralistic Surabaya. Therefore, social relations between religious Refrain from being easily divided or provoked by outsiders who try to break the existing harmony. The Surabaya city government must provide fair and wise policies if conflicts between religious communities occur in the future. Surabaya government support is needed to maintain and preserve the existing diversity for people outside the city of Surabaya who also have a variety of religions if they can emulate the attitude of tolerance in religious life from the Chinese ethnic in Surabaya to be implemented in their respective neighborhoods.

Funding Acknowledgement
There is no funding for this research and no conflict of interest. This is independent research.

About the Author
Warsono (