Parent-Child Communication in Understanding Learning Messages Through Online Media in the Pandemic Era

Communication has a big role in maintaining relationships between families, especially the relationship between parents and children, by having a good way of communication, it can have the same mindset in achieving a goal. However, the background of parents also affects the way they communicate with their children. The use of online media in learning activities, especially during the pandemic, is a choice, but it can cause various problems for poor society. The research method uses descriptive qualitative, and the data are obtained by observation and close interviews. Research subjects are poor parents and students in 4-6 grade. The technique of data sources retrival uses purposive sampling. The results of this study prove that good communication between parents and children is very much needed, especially when parents accompany children to learn through online media during a pandemic. To understand learning messages through online media, parents really have to pay attention to communication patterns with children, besides supporting factors such as the willingness of qualified learning facilities and parents who are able to understand learning messages well are children’s needs. Those things will help the child to understand the learning message. However, various factors often become obstacles, including parents’ economic background who are not able to provide maximum learning facilities and background factors which are the education of parents itself who cannot understand children's learning messages well. However, parents will do their best for their children to understand the message of online learning maximally


INTRODUCTION
J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 41 education. This is also experienced by Bondowoso Regency, which is located in East Java Province. Bondowoso Regency is the only regency that does not have a marine area in the Horseshoe or Tapal Kuda area. In 2020, the population of Bondowoso Regency was recorded as much as 776,151 people with a population density of 498 people. The location of Bondowoso Regency is not in a strategic area. Even though it is located in the middle between Situbondo City and Jember City, Bondowoso Regency is not traversed by state roads connecting the provinces. Bondowoso also does not have an ocean, that is why Bondowoso is difficult to develop compared to other regencies in East Java.
In education field, Bondowoso Regency is carrying out development lack of access to a personal computer or smartphone (Basilius 2022). This condition is being an obstacle for them because many students do not have supporting facilities such as cell phones and internet quotas. Some parents have to seek loans from neighbours first to provide proper learning facilities for their children. Limited economic factors make them difficult to buy internet quota 42 | T h e J o u r n a l o f S o c i e t y a n d M e d i a 6 ( 1 ) packages (Gan, Y., & Bilige, S. (2019). Although there has been government's support regarding internet quotas, in reality there are still many parents who do not know this information and how to activate it (Dong, C, Cao, S, & Li, H , 2020). Parents who do not have sufficient education certainly find difficulties to understand the learning messages conveyed through online learning. In addition, the government has provided assistance solution which is aid funds to buy learning facilities such as cell phones, but economic limitations make parents prefer to use the aid funds for their daily needs. This circumstance needs special attention from the school and the government, so the distribution of aid funds can be distributed properly.
These obstacles often become problems in the online teaching and learning process. The lack of parental supervision may lead to Internet addiction, (Jingjing Cai1, Yun Wang2 2021). For this reason, the way parents and children communicate in understanding online learning messages during a pandemic needs to be studied to figure out whether online learning is effective or not. In addition, the role of parents needs to be considered in order to support children's development during learning process at home.

METHOD
Based on the approach and the type of data used, this research has a qualitative type of research, so it will produce descriptive data. Qualitative research is conducted to explain and analyze phenomena, events, social dynamics, attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of a person or group towards something.
According to Arikunto (1998) The type of this research is descriptive qualitative. Qualitative descriptive research is the research that tries to describe the solution against existing problems J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 43 based on data. In this study, the author explores information about communication between parents and children in understanding online learning messages.
Researchers will also explore information about the background and obstacles experienced during the online learning period. From the criteria that have been determined above, the researchers take samples which are 1 student's parent who is classified as economically incapable, 1 student's parent who have low educational background, 1 student classified as economically incapable, 1 student who have difficulty in understanding the message of online learning and 3 homeroom teachers of class 4-6 in Kembang 01 State Elementary School, Bondowoso. So, the total respondents that the researchers take are 7 people. For these criteria, the researchers take samples from economically incapable people such as parents who have difficulty to fulfil children's learning facilities, parents J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 45 with low educational backgrounds as seen from the last education of their parents, students with economically incapable that can be seen from not having adequate learning facilities, students who have difficulty studying and understanding learning messages seen from the way these students respond and do the assignments given, as well as homeroom teachers from each class 4, 5 and 6 to find out the child's response in understanding online learning messages in the pandemic era.
When the research takes place, the researchers make observations by looking closely at the object being observed, through participating in the community environment to find out information directly by collecting data and Children communicate by discussing the same topic, which is online learning.
Both of them certainly have different ways and opinions in discussing the topic in order to achieve a common goal. However, in this model, we will look for solutions on how to equalize opinions and minimize differences in one topic so that the objectives in the discussion can be addressed optimally. Furthermore, researchers will try to prove that mindsets can be influenced by economic background and educational background which are also being obstacles in supporting the online learning process.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Indonesia is a rich country with many cultures, islands and various arts.
Indonesia has 34 provinces spread across the country. One of them is the province of East Java. The area is about 47,803.49 km2 which is divided into several regencies/cities. East Java has a population of 40,665,696 people with a population density of 851 people/km2, and one of them is Bondowoso Regency.
Bondowoso Regency is one of the regencies in East Java Province which is known as the Horseshoe or Tapal Kuda. Bondowoso Regency has an area of 1,560.10 km2 which is divided into 23 sub-districts, 10 sub-districts and 209 villages. The population in this area is about 781,753 people and a population distribution of 512 people/km2.   J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 49

Tabel 2. Bondowoso also has borderlines as follow: Direction Regency
f.  Excluding the data above, schools also have a structure that is formed from the headmaster to teachers, as the structural forms below: "Yes, there must be a good communication because the material of study is taught by parents. Usually, the one who accompanies me to study is mother. If I do not know, I have to search the answer in a book or google, sometimes she will help to answer too." (Sulis 12th -student of class 6 at Kembang 01 State Elementary School Bondowoso receiving PIP support).
Most of the interview quotes are expressed similarly by students of class 4-6 at Kembang 01 State Elementary School Bondowoso. The response of parents is certainly different because they have their own activities. Especially parents of 6 class whose children will take the Graduation Exam. The following result is an excerpt of the interview response by the parents or homeroom teacher of students in class 6 at Kembang 01 State Elementary School Bondowoso about the ways of communicating with children.
"Good communication with children is indeed important, but sometimes it is hard to tell them. I talk to them to learn, but they play handphone. Moreover, I only graduated from elementary school, so my child is smarter when playing cellphones. Yes, sometimes I accompany them to study, if J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 51 there is something difficult, I ask them to search the answer in google, because sometimes I also do not know the answer of the assignment given by the teacher". (Siti, 30th -Sulis' mother, a student of class 6 at Kembang 01 State Elementary School Bondowoso who received PIP support).
From the excerpt of interview from the parent above, the researchers can conclude that every parent has their own way of communicating with their children. They tend to try maintaining good communication with children even though they have deficiencies in terms of knowledge and education.
"I am a parent. I have to talk nicely with my child, but when I am tired of work, sometimes I get annoyed too. She can ask her friends about the assignment, sometimes I'll take her to her friend's house because she is shy. If I do not take her, she will not do her task." (Pipit, 45th -Safa's mother, a student of class 4 at Kembang 01 State Elementary School Bondowoso receiving PIP support). "Children's responses to online lessons during the pandemic are less able to capture the lessons given. The reason is that because the students here are economically minimal, not all of them have cellphones and internet.
Most of them just have pulses. So, the delivery of the material is only given in the morning, after that the students cannot be called. The cellphone is no longer active because the package is limited. Maybe, those ones who have the Internet can be free. Even many parents say that if I send the material which is a file, it could not be opened because the storage is full." The obstacles to teaching and learning process are also conveyed by the homeroom teacher of class 6, Mrs. Wiwik Widarsih (47), who conveys the obstacles experienced by students when participating in online teaching and learning activities. The same thing is conveyed by Mr. Wahyu IP (46), as the homeroom teacher for class 5. Here is the explanation: "Sometimes there are many students who cannot do their assignments, because they are embarrassed to say they want to ask their friends because they do not have any facilities at all, so they are embarrassed to ask questions every day. Sometimes, some of them also come to my house to ask, what is the assignment for today? So, I told them to write down the assignment."

J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 53
Based on the interview results with informants Mrs. Siti Asikhanah (50), it can be seen that the teaching and learning process is not effective and has obstacles. The teachers who need to adjust their practice in the current time of virtual education (Ghanbari, N., & Nowroozi, S. (2022). Parents' communication to children which is expected to help supporting in understanding the message also has problems due to inadequate facilities. In this case, Mrs. Asikanah (50), also explains about the solutions that are carried out, so the teaching and learning process could still run well. The explanation of the solution from Ibu Asihanah (50) is as follows: "Finally, I have a solution to make a summary, then take a photo and send it. If students only send videos, the files cannot be open because most of their cellphones used by the homeroom teachers are not the same. The RAM is dissimilar, so they cannot receive the material that I send. Finally, I send a video that could be opened, I ordered the students to create a group to come to my house who could open the video, so they could see the video I send. However, there are still many students who do not understand".
Not only do the various obstacles exist, but also the teachers complain about the existence of online learning during the pandemic, as explained by Mrs.
Asikhanah (50) and Mrs. Wiwik Widarsih (47): "The problems are not only them, there are also many disadvantages when learning online for teachers, because the students' scores are not pure. Parents are still doing the assignment, and the students can also search the answer on google. That is the effect, indeed the students' grades are good, but after the test all their scores are down. That is the fact. This means that all this time the children do not really understand." The factor of economic background also has a very large influence to support the sustainability of the online teaching and learning process. Ibu Asihkanah explains that the average student at Kembang 01 State Elementary School Bondowoso has a poor family background. Here is the explanation: "Indeed, most of the students here come from poor families. Some of them have no facilities at all, so they go to their friends or their friends' parents.
There are also those who do not have one but do not want to try, so they never send assignments at all. Therefore, to get score for the students, I order them to enter and then I gave a follow-up assignment. However, they must have score. Once had we conducted a face-to-face meeting with a students' parents to give questions, we have announced to wear mask, but many of them did not wear for an excuse that they prefer to buy groceries to cook rather than to purchase masks. Their economy is not sufficient if they buy masks every day, and that is the reason." The same thing is also explained by Wiwik Widarsih (47), about parents who are unable to provide learning support facilities for their children due to economic factors. Results revealed that a family structure of two parents at home is associated with higher academic (DeDonno, Michael A., and Joseph F. Fagan , 2013). Here is the explanation: "Many of them do not have facilities, sometimes there are ones who live with their neighbors, sometimes their parents bring their cellphones, sometimes their parents do not have any at all. Here is the condition of the lower middle class, who are mostly farm laborers, they do not own the fields but they are the laborers, so the facilities are inadequate, which is the difficulty." Not only are those significant obstacles, but also the result of the ineffectiveness of online learning during the pandemic which lasted for almost 2 years, makes parents and teachers unable to assist children in learning. This is also conveyed by Mrs. Siti Asihanah (50): "In my opinion, online learning is very ineffective. For example, in class 3, 2 years of the pandemic, many students of class 4 and 5 cannot write and read, the number is a lot. I do not know how to teach. It is used to spend 4 hours for studying, now only 2 hours, and even then, it is still divided again. This system is very ineffective, but I do not know what to do." The homeroom teacher of class 6, Mrs. Wiwik Widarsih (47), say that online learning is very ineffective. The statement of Mrs. Wiwik Widarsih (47) is as follows: "In my opinion, online learning is very ineffective, especially for students in class 6 who want to take an exam, so if online, the children will do it using Google, they do not read books, if they use Google, they obviously get a hundred score. If the exam is online, the grade is good. So, I teach so hard when the students will get a test. There are some of them who are not fluent in reading, because of the 2-year pandemic, they do not hold books at all." J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 55 Online learning during the pandemic has a very big influence on the process of children's learning development, students are required to be able to study independently at home accompanied by parents, this influence is also conveyed by Mr. Wahyu IP (46), here is his explanation: "The influence is quite large. If the learning process is online, the students cannot meet the teacher directly. If they want to ask what makes them unable, they cannot conceptualize properly." Based on the results of interviews with Mrs. Siti Asihanah (50) "I realize that education is important, but for me, especially when there is an online learning model via cellphone, it becomes difficult for me. Her father is a laborer, and I do not work. I have a cellphone, but I cannot see the assignments sent by the teacher, because the cellphone is an old type. From the results of the interviews above, the researchers can conclude that all parents understand that education for their children is very important. However, limited economic background and educational background make them not optimal in assisting the teaching and learning process of children. They always try to find solutions, so their children can still get the same education. With the various obstacles that exist, they do not make parents give up trying to educate their children. Not only in terms of education, but also in terms of economy it proves that online learning is less effective because not all people have a sufficient J u a r i y a h : P a r e n t -C h i l d C o m m u n i c a t i o n i n U n d e r s t a n d i n g L e a r n i n g M e s s a g e s T h r o u g h O n l i n e M e d i a i n t h e P a n d e m i c E r a | 57 economy to fulfill online learning facilities during the pandemic. In addition, children also find difficulties to understand learning messages because they only rely on reading alone and looking on cellphones or the Internet, while the children need teacher to guide in person for the learning process. the pandemic is not optimal. This condition is because many children find difficulties to understand learning messages, so they tend to be bored doing online learning. Not only educators, but also parents admit that it is difficult because besides wasting time, they are also required to understand the lesson in order to be able conveying and explaining it back to their children. The factors that become obstacles during the online learning process are very diverse. One of them is the background factors, which are the education and economy of parents. Parents with low levels of education cannot guide their children to study, because they cannot understand their children's lessons and understand the materials of learning messages provided by schools via online. This causes the children to do their homework and do not get maximum learning guidance from their parents. In addition, parents with middle to lower economic background (poor) also have difficulty in fulfilling the facilities needed by children to study online. However, they have their own solutions and ways, so the children can continue to learn maximally, such as asking for help from others to teach their children, or even borrowing facilities with to child's friends.

CONCLUSION
Suggestion. After conducting this research, the researchers give advice to related subjects in order to provide input, which are: 1. For Kembang 01 State Elementary School Bondowoso, the school should pay more attention to equal education for students and maximize in teaching, because there are still many senior students who have difficulty in reading and writing.