Biomechanical Analysis of Performance in Rugby: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background and Study Aim. Rugby demands high-intensity physical outputs, where biomechanical factors influence performance in skills like sprinting, tackling, scrummaging, and kicking, while also informing injury prevention. This systematic review synthesizes evidence on kinetic, kinematic, and neuromuscular determinants of rugby performance. Material and Methods. PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were searched using terms combining "biomechanical analysis," "performance," and "rugby" up to November 28, 2025. Inclusion criteria focused on English-language empirical studies on rugby biomechanics. After screening 105 studies (PRISMA flowchart), 4 met criteria for qualitative synthesis. Results. Included studies (n=4) examined place-kicking kinematics, markerless 3D pose estimation in tackles, sprint acceleration strategies, and step-up kinetics for speed development. Key findings highlight technique degeneracy (multiple strategies yielding similar outcomes), technology limitations during contact/occlusion, and training specificity (e.g., jump variations for maximal speed transfer). Conclusion: Rugby performance optimizes through individualized kinematic strategies, force-velocity profiling, and technologies like AI/video analysis. Recommendations include personalized training, standardized post-tackle frameworks, and integrated lab/field monitoring to enhance efficacy and reduce injury risk.