Indonesian Journal of Contemporary Law is a peer reviewed journal published biannual (------) by Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. IJCL published both Printed and Online version (Print ISSN..... Online ISSN.....). IJCL is intended to be the journal for publishing of results of research on law both empirical and normative study, especially in contemporary legal issues. The various topics but not limited to, criminal law, constitutional law, private law, economic law, human rights law, international law, tax law, Islamic law, customary law, commercial business law, environmental law, street law, legal education, maritime law, trade law, in the framework of Indonesian legal systems and Indonesian legal studies. Title : Indonesian Journal of Contemporary Law (IJCL) Editor in Chief : Citation Analysis : DOI Prefix : Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Negeri Surabaya Frequency
PEMAAFAN HAKIM TERHADAP TINDAK PIDANA KELALAIAN YANG MENYEBABKAN KEMATIAN
This study analyzes the application of judge forgiveness or rechterlijk pardon in the Mempawah District Court Decision Number512/Pid.B/2025/PN Mpw related to the crime of negligence causing death. The focus of the research is directed at the interpretation of Article54 paragraph (2) of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code, especially the elements of the lightness of the act, the personal circumstances of the perpetrator, and the circumstances at the time and after the crime occurred. This research is a normative juridical research with legislative, conceptual, and case approaches. The results of the study showed that the panel of judges interpreted the elements of the lightness of the act contextually, not solely based on the consequences in the form of death or criminal threats. The decision also shows the existence of an open-textured norm in Article 54 paragraph (2) of the National Criminal Code which has the potential to cause disparity in decisions between cases in court. Therefore, a Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) is needed as an interpretive guideline so that the application of judge pardons remains consistent, proportionate, and provides legal certainty as well as maintaining uniformity in the application of norms in national criminal justice practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najwa Fadilla Putri, Gelar Ali Ahmad http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PELAKSANAAN PEMBIMBINGAN KEMASYARAKATAN TERHADAP ANAK YANG BERKONFLIK DENGAN HUKUM DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN (STUDI DI BAPAS KELAS I SURABAYA)
Children in Conflict with the Law are children who are in conflict with the law, children who are victims of criminal offenses, and children who are witnesses to criminal offenses as regulated under Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. Community guidance plays an important role in protecting and rehabilitating children so that they can improve their behavior and successfully reintegrate into society. This study aims to examine the implementation of community guidance for children involved in violent crimes at the Class I Surabaya Correctional Center and to identify the obstacles encountered in its implementation. This research employs an empirical legal method with a socio-juridical approach. The findings indicate that community guidance is carried out from the pre-adjudication stage through post-sentencing supervision, including personality development programs, community service, vocational training, guidance at Griya Abhipraya, and coordination with families and communities. The main obstacles include the limited number of Probation Officers, the extensive working area, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and negative social stigma toward children who have been involved with the law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Aisyah Fatimah Az-zahra, Vita Mahardhika http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
DISHARMONI ASAS DESA WISATA DALAM HUKUM KEPARIWISATAAN INDONESIA
The regulation of tourism villages in Indonesia reflectsthe interaction between national tourism law and regional autonomy policies. However, differences in the formulation oflegal principles governing tourism villages have creatednormative inconsistencies between Law Number 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism and Gresik Regency Regional RegulationNumber 7 of 2021 concerning Tourism Villages. Thisinconsistency raises legal uncertainty regarding the authorityof regional governments to formulate legal principles thatdiffer from those established by national legislation. Thisstudy aims to analyze the regulation of tourism villageprinciples within the Indonesian tourism legal framework andto examine whether the differences in principles contained in the regional regulation constitute a legitimate exercise ofregional legislative autonomy or a form of verticaldisharmony within the hierarchy of legislation. This researchemploys a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. The legal materialsconsist of primary and secondary legal sources analyzedthrough qualitative legal reasoning. The findings indicate thatthe principles stipulated in the Gresik Regional Regulationdiffer substantially from those contained in Article 2 of Law Number 10 of 2009 through the omission of several nationalprinciples and the introduction of new principles emphasizingcommunity-based tourism. Although regional governmentspossess legislative discretion under the decentralizationframework, such authority remains limited by the hierarchy oflaws and the principle of legal harmonization. Consequently, the reformulation of legal principles in the regional regulationhas the potential to create vertical disharmony, weaken legal certainty, and affect the consistency of Indonesia's nationaltourism legal system.
Copyright (c) 2026 nailah ratna rahardjo, Muh. Ali Masnun http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS YURIDIS PASAL 28 AYAT (3) UU POLRI TERHADAP PENEMPATAN POLISI DI LUAR STRUKTUR ORGANISASI KEPOLISIAN
This study was prompted by Constitutional Court Decision No. 114/PUU-XXIII/2025, which ruled that the phrase “or not based on an assignment from the National Police Chief” in the Explanatory Notes to Article 28, paragraph (3) of Law No. 2 of 2002 on the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia is inconsistent with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and has no binding legal force. Nevertheless, the practice of assigning active-duty National Police members to civilian positions outside the police organizational structure continues to raise legal issues, particularly regarding the legal standing of explanatory notes in the legislative process and the potential criminal implications if such assignments are made in violation of applicable legal provisions. This study aims to analyze the legal standing of the Explanatory Note to Article 28, paragraph (3) of the National Police Law in light of Law No. 12 of 2011 on the Formation of Legislation, as well as to examine the criminal law implications of the placement of active-duty National Police members in civilian positions following Constitutional Court Decision No. 114/PUU-XXIII/2025. This study is a normative legal study employing the statutory approach, the conceptual approach, and the case approach. The legal materials used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, which were analyzed using prescriptive legal analysis techniques Keywords: Police, Civil Service, Constitutional Court, Abuse of Authority
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuniar Prehatini, Gelar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
EFEKTIVITAS PENYULUHAN HUKUM PIDANA TENTANG KDRT PADA KASUS YANG MELIBATKAN PENYANDANG GANGGUAN JIWA
This study examines the effectiveness of criminal law counseling on domestic violence (KDRT) in cases involving persons with mental disorders (ODGJ) in Kalangketi Village, Sukomoro Subdistrict, Magetan Regency. Using an empirical legal method with a descriptive-analytical qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with fourteen informants selected through purposive and snowball sampling, complemented by participatory observation and documentation study, and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles and Huberman. The findings show that legal protection against violence prevention in Kalangketi Village has not been optimal, hindered by limited budget, a shortage of legal counseling personnel, limited access to mental health services, community stigma, and weak inter-agency coordination. The study further finds that the factors triggering domestic violence among perpetrators without mental disorders are predominantly external (economic pressure, education, alcohol use, patriarchal culture, communication, and stress), whereas among perpetrators with mental disorders the triggering factors are predominantly internal (neurochemical disturbance, psychosis, medication nonadherence, environmental stigma, lack of family understanding, and social isolation). This distinction carries significant implications for criminal accountability, the imposition of sanctions, victim protection, and the design of differentiated legal counseling approaches for each group. Keywords: legal effectiveness; criminal law counseling; domestic violence; persons with mental disorders (ODGJ); empirical legal research.
Copyright (c) 2026 abd faqih ubaidillah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN KOPERASI DESA MERAH PUTIH DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ADMINISTRASI NEGARA: STUDI SOCIO-LEGAL DI DESA SUKOMORO, KABUPATEN MAGETAN
The Merah Putih Village Cooperative represents a strategic government initiative aimed at strengthening village-level economic institutions through cooperative structures. While the policy rests on a well-defined legal foundation, its effective implementation depends less on regulatory compliance alone and more on the quality of administrative governance at the village level. This study analyzes the implementation of the policy in Sukomoro Village, Sukomoro District, Magetan Regency, viewed through the lens of Indonesian Administrative Law. An empirical legal research design was applied using a socio-legal approach, combining primary data from interviews and field observation with secondary data drawn from legislation, official records, and academic literature. Results show that cooperative establishment has largely followed administrative procedure, yet several persistent constraints emerge: limited public awareness of the cooperative's role, ambiguity in operational mechanisms, weak managerial capacity among administrators, and conceptual overlap between the cooperative and Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). Collectively, these findings suggest that policy implementation has not yet fully realized the principles of legal certainty, transparency, accountability, and public benefit embedded in the General Principles of Good Governance. The study therefore recommends reinforcing operational regulations, strengthening institutional capacity, and improving policy communication to optimize the cooperative's function as a vehicle for village economic empowerment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arsyad Habibillah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
TUMPANG TINDIH KEWENANGAN PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN STRATEGIS KEMENTERIAN TRIUMVIRAT SAAT KEKOSONGAN KEKUASAAN DI SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN INDONESIA
Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya potensi tumpang tindih kewenangan antara Menteri Triumvirat dan Menteri Koordinator dalam pengambilan keputusan strategis nasional, khususnya ketika Presiden dan Wakil Presiden tidak dapat menjalankan pemerintahan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 8 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kedudukan dan kewenangan Menteri Triumvirat dalam sistem pemerintahan Indonesia serta mengkaji hubungan kewenangan antara Menteri Triumvirat dan Menteri Koordinator dalam kondisi normal maupun luar biasa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis melalui studi terhadap bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kekosongan pengaturan mengenai batas kewenangan, mekanisme koordinasi, dan penyelesaian perbedaan keputusan antar kementerian yang berpotensi menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengaturan yang lebih jelas mengenai mekanisme koordinasi dan pengambilan keputusan untuk menjamin efektivitas pemerintahan, kepastian hukum, serta stabilitas ketatanegaraan dalam situasi darurat.
Copyright (c) 2026 AMIEN KHAQQI ADNAN, Sulaksono http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS RENDAHNYA KESADARAN HUKUM PELAKU UMKM TERHADAP KEPEMILIKAN NOMOR INDUK BERUSAHA: STUDI PADA DESA POJOKSARI
This study examines the readiness of micro, small, and medium enterprises in Pojoksari Village to obtain a Business Identification Number (NIB) and its role in consumer protection. The research uses an empirical juridical method with a sociological approach. Primary data were collected through door-to-door mapping of five business actors, direct observation during an NIB registration attempt, and an in-depth semi-structured interview with one available informant. The findings show that most observed businesses had not obtained an NIB despite having relatively broad market coverage. The main barriers were the belief that an NIB automatically creates a tax burden, limited digital skills, unstable internet access, recurring problems with the Online Single Submission system, and the absence of village-level assistance. NIB does not directly guarantee product safety or quality, but it provides an official business identity that supports traceability, supervision, complaints, and accountability. The study recommends village-based registration assistance, integrated tax and legal literacy, technical support for OSS access, and further guidance on product-specific permits. These measures can improve business formalization while strengthening practical consumer protection. Keywords: Business Identification Number; consumer protection; MSMEs; legal awareness; Online Single Submission.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmanita Dyah Ayu Kusumastuti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
OPTIMALISASI PROGRAM EDUKASI PARALEGAL BAGI APARATUR DESA DALAM PENANGANAN AWAL MASALAH HUKUM PIDANA DI SUKOMORO
Indonesia's constitutional commitment to the rule of law obliges the state to guarantee equal access to justice, including through the legal aid scheme mandated by Law No. 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid and Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights No. 3 of 2021 on Paralegals in the Provision of Legal Aid. Village apparatus routinely serve as the first point of contact for community legal complaints, yet most lack formal legal training, creating risks of inaccurate guidance, particularly for early-stage criminal law problems. This study examines the implementation of a Paralegal Education Program for village apparatus in Sukomoro Subdistrict, Magetan Regency, delivered through the Student Creativity Program (PKM) Thesis Recognition scheme of the Faculty of Law, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Using empirical legal research with qualitative data drawn from interviews, observation, and documentation involving eighteen village heads and secretaries from nine villages and one urban village, the study analyzes program implementation, the resulting change in village apparatus capacity, and the supporting and inhibiting factors shaping outcomes. Findings show that needs-based material delivered through counseling and focus group discussion strengthened participants' understanding of paralegal functions, the boundaries of village authority, and referral mechanisms, although limited session duration, heterogeneous legal literacy, and underdeveloped legal aid posts constrained impact. The study proposes a sustainable, needs-responsive optimization model combining continued training, module development, and legal aid post strengthening.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sekar Riyandita Purbadianti http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS YURIDIS PENCABUTAN HAK IMUNITAS JAKSA DALAM PUTUSAN MK NOMOR 15/PUU-XXIII/2025
This study analyzes the juridical implications of the revocation of prosecutorial immunity following Constitutional Court Decision Number 15/PUU-XXIII/2025 from the perspectives of the rule of law and the principle of equality before the law. Prosecutors play a crucial role in the criminal justice system and require legal protection to maintain their independence in performing official duties. However, immunity may hinder accountability and create unequal legal treatment. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Data are analyzed through legal interpretation of legislation, court decisions, and legal doctrines. The findings reveal that prosecutorial immunity is a form of limited functional immunity rather than absolute protection. The requirement to obtain approval from the Attorney General before initiating legal proceedings against a prosecutor may create conflicts of interest, delay law enforcement, and increase the risk of impunity. The Constitutional Court’s decision seeks to balance prosecutorial independence with accountability and equal treatment before the law. Accordingly, a more limited immunity framework, stronger oversight mechanisms, and clear exceptions are necessary to uphold the rule of law and ensure legal certainty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maulidan arisiwi, Hananto Widodo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
IMPLEMENTASI PERAN PARALEGAL SEBAGAI MEDIATOR DALAM PENYELESAIAN PERKARA BERDASARKAN PRINSIP KEADILAN RESTORATIF DI KELURAHAN TINAP
The burden on the criminal justice system caused by minor cases has encouraged the strengthening of out-of-court dispute resolution mechanisms, as accommodated by Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code through the principle of restorative justice. Sub-district officials, particularly the Lurah, hold a strategic position in performing this function as paralegals and mediators, as regulated under Law Number 16 of 2011 on Legal Aid and Regulation of the Minister of Law and Human Rights Number 3 of 2021. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the paralegal role of Tinap Sub-District as mediator in resolving residents' cases, and to identify the inhibiting factors. This study employs a juridical-empirical method with a legal sociology approach, using interviews, documentation studies, and literature review, analyzed using Soerjono Soekanto's theory of factors influencing law enforcement. The results show that the Lurah and Kasi have actively facilitated case mediation since 2023, with agreements substantively reflecting restorative justice principles, although not consciously grounded in applicable regulations. The most dominant inhibiting factor is implementers' low understanding of restorative justice provisions in the new Criminal Code. This study recommends strengthening paralegal capacity through continuous training for more optimal, legally compliant mediation practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Putri Maulidya http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
KAJIAN YURIDIS TENTANG HAK GUNA BANGUNAN DI WILAYAH LAUT KABUPATEN SIDOARJO
The improving performance of the Ministry of ATR/BPN has led to the discovery of several cases where the issuance of HGB certificates over the sea continues, as was found in the coastal area of ​​Sidoarjo Regency. According to the Bhumi ATR/BPN website, there are 258.15 hectares of sea area with NIB: 00182 and 219.31 hectares with NIB: 00005 owned by PT. Surya Inti Permata and PT. Semeru Cemerlang, covering an area of ​​152.36 hectares with NIB: 00030, is suspected of having held a Building Use Rights Certificate (HGB) since 1996. The findings of HGB certificates over waters indicate that, legally, the sea has a different legal status from land. Therefore, the land rights regime applicable on land, including HGB, cannot be applied immediately to waters. This raises doubts about the legal validity of HGB certificates issued over waters, both in terms of compliance with laws and regulations, issuance procedures, and the legal status of the area. This study uses a normative juridical research method with a statutory and conceptual approach, the two main approaches being the statutory approach (statutory approach) and the conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The results of this study indicate that the validity of the issuance of HGB certificates on the Sidoarjo coast is INVALID and contrary to applicable law (onrechtmatig). Although administratively, the certificate was legally issued between 1996 and 1999, when the land was still claimed as a fishpond, the current factual situation indicates that the land has been converted into water due to abrasion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marshanda Alifia Alifia, Indri Fogar Susilowati http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS PENETAPAN PENGADILAN AGAMA NOMOR 78/Pdt.P/2024/PA.PBun TENTANG PEMISAHAN HARTA DALAM PERKAWINAN
Constitutional Court Decision Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015 broadened the legal framework for marital agreements by allowing them to be concluded before, at the time of, or during marriage. This development has raised legal issues regarding judicial reasoning in granting postnuptial property separation requests and the resulting legal consequences for spouses and third parties. This study aims to analyze the judges' considerations in Religious Court Determination Number 78/Pdt.P/2024/PA.PBun and its legal consequences. The research employs a normative legal method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were analyzed prescriptively through deductive reasoning. The findings show that the court granted the application based on its authority, the applicants' legal standing, the evidence presented, and the application of Constitutional Court Decision Number 69/PUU-XIII/2015. However, the judges' reasoning remains predominantly descriptive and does not fully address the philosophical basis of the Constitutional Court's decision, the principle of freedom of contract, and the protection of third parties. The determination converts joint marital property into separate property while remaining binding on third parties only after the statutory registration requirements have been fulfilled.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanifa Eka Nur Hidayah, Dita Perwitasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS PENGATURAN BATAS MINIMAL HONORARIUM DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG NO 30 TAHUN 2004 TENTANG JABATAN NOTARIS DITINJAU DARI PRINSIP KEPASTIAN HUKUM
Pengaturan honorarium notaris dalam Pasal 36 Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris (UUJN) hanya mengatur batas maksimal honorarium tanpa menetapkan batas minimal maupun parameter yang jelas dalam proses penentuannya. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan permasalahan mengenai kesesuaian pengaturan honorarium notaris dengan prinsip kepastian hukum serta akibat hukum yang ditimbulkannya bagi para pihak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian pengaturan honorarium notaris dalam UUJN dengan prinsip kepastian hukum dan mengkaji akibat hukum yang timbul dari pengaturan tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan dan dianalisis menggunakan metode preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan honorarium notaris dalam UUJN belum sepenuhnya memenuhi prinsip kepastian hukum karena hanya menetapkan batas maksimal honorarium tanpa disertai batas minimal, parameter yang terukur, serta prosedur yang transparan dalam penentuan honorarium. Kondisi tersebut menyebabkan ketidakseragaman praktik penetapan honorarium, keterbatasan akses informasi bagi pengguna jasa, dan ketidakseimbangan posisi para pihak dalam proses kesepakatan. Selain itu, ketiadaan batas minimal honorarium berpotensi menimbulkan persaingan tidak sehat antar notaris, menurunkan kualitas layanan kenotariatan, mengurangi kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap profesi notaris, serta berisiko menimbulkan kelalaian prosedural dalam pembuatan akta. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pembaruan Pasal 36 UUJN melalui pengaturan batas minimal honorarium dan mekanisme penentuannya secara lebih jelas, transparan, dan proporsional guna mewujudkan kepastian hukum serta perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak.
Copyright (c) 2026 RENASYA AALIYA PUTRI MARSHELLA, Dita Perwitasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
ANALISIS PUTUSAN HAKIM NOMOR 60/PID/2016/PT KPG TERKAIT UNSUR PEMBELAAN TERPAKSA MELAMPAUI BATAS (NOODWEER EXCESS) PADA TINDAK PIDANA PEMBUNUHAN
Excessive self-defense (noodweer excess) is an excuse recognized under Article 49 paragraph (2) of the Indonesian Criminal Code. Its application requires the existence of an unlawful attack or threat, an act of self-defense, severe mental disturbance (hevige gemoedsbeweging), and a causal relationship between the attack and the excessive defensive act. This study aims to analyze the concept of noodweerexcess under Indonesian criminal law and to examine whether the judges' legal reasoning in Decision Number 60/Pid/2016/PT Kpg is consistent with that concept. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources analyzed through a prescriptive method using legal interpretation techniques. The findings indicate that the application of noodweer excess requires the cumulative fulfillment of all elements stipulated in Article 49 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Code. In Decision Number 60/Pid/2016/PT Kpg, the element of an unlawful attack and the initial act of self-defense were fulfilled. However, the elements of severe mental disturbance and causal relationship were not established because the act causing the victim's death occurred after the threat had been neutralized. This study also concludes that the legal reasoning of the Kupang High Court is consistent with the concept of noodweer excess, as it is based on proven facts, applies the appropriate legal norms, demonstrates logical legal reasoning, and conforms to established criminal law doctrine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pirston Elisa, emmilia rusdiana http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PESERTA ARISAN ONLINE YANG DIRUGIKAN AKIBAT WANPRESTASI PENYELENGGARA
The development of information technology has led to the emergence of online arisan practices conducted through electronic media. In practice, defaults committed by online arisan organizers frequently occur and cause losses to participants. In addition, online arisan agreements are generally made orally through electronic media, resulting in legal issues concerning the validity of the agreement and the legal protection for online arisan participants. This study aims to analyze the validity of oral online arisan agreements conducted through electronic media and the legal protection available for participants who suffer losses due to the organizer’s default. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials were obtained through library research and analyzed prescriptively. The results of the study indicate that oral online arisan agreements remain valid and binding upon the parties as long as they fulfill the legal requirements for a valid agreement as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. Electronic evidence such as social media conversations and proof of bank transfers may be used as valid evidence under the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. Legal protection for online arisan participants may be provided through both preventive and repressive measures. Furthermore, online arisan organizers may be categorized as business actors under the Consumer Protection Law, thereby granting online arisan participants the right to legal protection as consumers. Keywords: Validity of Agreement, Online Arisan, Default, Legal Protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shafa Julian Putri, Dita Perwitasari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0